Critique Of The Doctrine Of Inalienable, Natural Rights Essay

In â€Å"Critique of the Doctrine of Inalienable, Natural Rights†, Jeremy Bentham aims to show the reader why the Declaration of Rights is a troubling and terrible document, or as he describes it, a â€Å"dangerous nonsense†. In his critique, Bentham describes natural rights as â€Å"nonsense upon stilts† and says they do not exist, but they are actually made up. He then goes on to attack the Declaration’s vagueness and contradictions, saying it will lead to constant unrest. The Declaration, Bentham says, is condoning revolution and giving grounds for permanent revolution and by doing this, they diminish the roles of government and other future authority. Despite a few confusions, Bentham’s argument is successful because he proves the Declaration is full of confusions and contradictions that can lead to dangerous acts. Natural rights are something we should have, but they are not â€Å"natural† and instead made-up, as Bentham suggests. 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Is Nike A Liar Like Tiger - 1732 Words

Is Nike a Liar like Tiger? The Analysis of a Nike Advertisement Advertisement companies as well as businesses have come up with more enticing ways to promote their companies and products. There are many different tactics used by advertisement creators in order to lure customers into buying their merchandise. In addition, some advertisements are created to establish a connection between a company and an ethical position within society or institute a central idea that can be connected or associated with their company. Nike is a prime example of a company that goes beyond the norm to establish its role as a prominent brand oriented company. For years, people have seen the best and the worst of the Nike advertisements. A relatively new Nike commercial about the development of Rory Mcilroy from a young boy with a dream to a golf superstar incorporates multiple features and rhetorical devices to attract the audience’s attention. The ad begins with a young boy watching a television screen with his father of Tiger Woods winning a golf tournament. The boy obviously appears intrigued as the scene progresses to a short excerpt of the boy hitting a toy golf ball within the house. As the commercial continues, there is alternating scenes of the boy watching Tiger Woods play golf, and videos of the boy, growing in age, practicing and honing his golf skills. Near the end of the video, the kid, who is now a young man, is being interviewed of â€Å"how it feels to become a pro,† and isShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Behavioure23151 Words   |  93 Pages ple’s desire for calm- complex than any other structure in the ness. Gone are the history of the world.† He also once com- exotic public displays, mented, smiling, that â€Å"Las Vegas is sort of such like how God would do it if he had money.† and caged tigers, that Many regard Wynn as the most power- graced as volcanoes his earlier ful man in Nevada, largely because he can hotels. He even says both inspire and scare people. One politi- that he’d getRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesLoyalty Is an Outdated Concept 87 Questions for Review 88 Experiential Exercise What Factors Are Most Important to Your Job Satisfaction? 89 Ethical Dilemma Bounty Hunters 89 Case Incident 1 Long Hours, Hundreds of E-Mails, and No Sleep: Does This Sound Like a Satisfying Job? 90 Case Incident 2 Crafting a Better Job 91 4 Emotions and Moods 97 What Are Emotions and Moods? 98 The Basic Emotions 100 †¢ The Basic Moods: Positive and Negative Affect 100 †¢ The Function of Emotions 102 †¢ Sources of

The process of Internationalization

Question: Write an essay onThe process of Internationalization. Answer: Introduction The process of Internationalization implies the increase in the engagement of the business or the companies in the international market. The businesspersons are interested in setting up their business in the global market along with the domestic market. Therefore, internationalization means international trade; international relations of the entrepreneurs are growing with time. In the process of internationalization, the domestic products compete in the global market with the goods of the other nations (Hudzik 2014). With growing globalization, the barriers to trade have been decreased all over the world. This has made the internationalization of the business more attractive as a strategy. Due to the internationalization of the companies, the common needs of people from different countries can be met easily. This also allows the enterprises to operate easily and they can now target by segment of different people of different countries. Proper utilization of the process of internation alization is the successes factor the multinational firms. The factors that influence the firms to adopt internationalization are economies of scale; incentive of the government; diversification; market growth and saturated domestic market (GrÄâ„ ¢bosz and Hak 2015). The paper will discuss how the structure and culture of a company change in order to accommodate the process of internationalization. It is also essential to analyze the importance of expanding business in the international market. There are several approaches of the internationalization. The paper will select a company to describe the stages involved and changes of the company from operating domestically to operating trans-nationally. The chosen company is the McDonalds. The discussion will focus on the structural and cultural change of the selected company. Internationalization Process There are several approaches of the internationalization. The company has to select between the standardization and adaptation while expanding its business globally. Internationalization through standardization methods implies that the company will sell its product in the foreign market that is exactly same as the product it sells in the domestic market. The standardization approach reduces the operational costs and the risks of operating in the unknown market (Boussebaa and Morgan 2015). Internationalization through adaptation methods implies that the variation in the operations of the company in the international market. This approach is driven by the conditions of the host country. However, a company adopts this method of internationalization because they want to serve different consumers of different countries according to their culture or preferences. This strategy generates significant amount of profit (Lounsbury and Beckman 2015). However, it is expensive than the standardizat ion strategy. There are several factors, which are considered by the companies in order to develop their business in the foreign market. In the process of internationalization, selection of the entry mode is a crucial determinant of the businesss success. Hence, in the entry mode, the firm has to decide which strategy will be adopted. There are three methods of entering the international market (Eriksson, Johanson, Majkgrd and Sharma 2015). The firm can enter the market by taking opportunity of the foreign or local distributors. As expanding in a new market is not so easy, the knowledge and the experiences of the local companies are precious. Knowing the local habits of consumption; their culture are important to the company. This will help it to set its target market. Local distributors know better about the local regulations. Therefore, by establishing link with the local distributors helps the company to escape the barriers to enter the market (Cummings and Worley 2014). The firm can also make strategic alliances with the foreign partners to enter the international market. This enables the company to share risks an d expenses from R D. Moreover, the company can take benefit of the resources of its partners. Most importantly, the alliance with the competitors enables the firms to develop capabilities of delivering products with more efficiency. Through merger and acquisitions, also the firm can enter the international market. This enables the firm to enter the market directly by contracting with the local actors. However, this kind of mode of entry is limited to the big MNCs only as they have resource to do this. A new firm has less possibility to adopt this mode of entry. Internationalization process also involves the choice of destination. The destination selection process is as crucial as the selection of entry mode. It has significant consequences because; based on this, the internationalization strategies like, standardization and adaptation, will be selected by the company (Forsgren 2015). The selection of the destination is done based on several factors. The geographical localization is the major criteria. The geographic condition like climate; landscape etc affects the decision of the company. Hence, based on the geographical criteria the firm selects its destination. It is also important because; it is important for the firm to set its business in a region that can be reached easily either through road; flight or maritime way. The choice of destination of internationalization process also depends on the cultural aspect of the destination. This is important because; based on the local culture; the company can understand whether its products wil l be sold in that destination. However, in spite of being apart from the home country of the company, the culture of the host country might have lot of similarities. Therefore, it is beneficial for the company to select a destination where the local culture is similar, if it adopts the standardization of internationalization (Casillas and Acedo 2013). Moreover, it is important to e aware of the needs of the society before entering or selecting destination, because; if the local culture of the host country is different, then the firm will chose adaptation strategy of internationalization. Therefore, the cultural aspect is important in the process of internationalization not only to select the strategy but also to determine the possibility of the success of the product in that location (Chandra, Styles and Wilkinson 2012). Another important factor that affects the selection of the destination is the economic scenario of that country. This will allow to have a snapshot of the destinati on in terms of development; infrastructures; investment; market demand; competition etc. The economic scenario like openness of the host country; rules and regulations affects the decision of the company regarding their strategy of internationalization. The more open is the host country, the more it will allow the FDI. Invest in the proper infrastructure will attract te company to set up their business in that country. The political situation of the country also indicates the economic environment of the country. Change in Structure and Culture due to Internationalization The structure of the company changes due to internationalization. The firms structural characteristics changes while operating in the foreign market. Outward movement of the firm in international operation leads to change in the strategy structure and resources (Burke 2013). The internationalization leads to change that ranges from change in the technology to transformation of the structure. The structure of the firm changes because; internationalization involves analyzing the market of host country from several aspects (Whitley 2012). This requires the company to set up new departments in order to manage the operation. Due to internationalization, the business has to engage in a process in order to get accustomed with the international environment. The internationalization also requires employment of the skilled workers for the new business in the global market. The risk taking behavior of the firm also changes (Bartunek and Woodman 2015). The export of the company will be increased and the structure of the company will become export oriented. As the company is growing, there will be psychological change among the employers. The company is engaged in the new venture of setting up business in the foreign market. Therefore, it requires setting infrastructure as well. Internationalization leads to change in the demand for the products. It also changes financial structure of the company. The information and knowledge resources also changes as the company starts to set up business. The policy or strategy of the firm is also modified because of the internationalization, which leads to the change in the structure of the organization (Moorman 2013). Internationalization causes the market place to change. Since the company now requires bringing the people of the sales department accustomed to selling and working on either new product or the same product in the different market. Hence, there should be new approach of marketing than the existing one. Hence, change in mar ket place leads to organizational structure change. Due to internationalization of the company, the way of business the company does also changes. The company can allow its various departments to be autonomous in order to operate in the new market. In contrast, it may also operate its business in a centralized ways to change the structure of the company. The culture of the organization may also change due to the internationalization. This is for example; according to the needs of the customers of the foreign country, the customer service of the business might be improved or changed. The company has to look after the customers of different culture from different. As a result of this, the management also brings cultural change to the workers. They use grassroots approach in order to change the structure of the company. Managers might represent the problem that arises due to the increased responsiveness of the company in the changing condition of the market (Nesbit and Lam 2014). The structural change of the company also incorporates the relocation of the employees within the company. Therefore, company also trains the employees according to the cultural need of the consumers of the foreign market. Therefore, there is skill diversity among the workers of home country and the workers of the host country. Internationalization requires the operations of the company more transparent (Alvesson. and Sveningsson 2015). Since the company is entering in to the new country, the culture of the organization must consider the quality management system. Since the company is into a new venture, it is expected that the structure of the company also change in terms of incorporating advance technology. Hence, sophisticated information and communication system assist the new working culture in the organization, which will further help the company to expand in the international market (Behal and Bansal 2013). The changes in the structure of the organization lead to change in organizational culture and change is structure of the company also requires a cultural change of the company. Internationalization of McDonalds McDonaldss is the one of the leading company in the fast food sector. The rapid expansion in the international market is the key to their success. The company was first established in 1940 at California. The main selling products are hamburgers; cheeseburgers; flit-o-fish etc. The restaurants of this firm are operated by the corporation itself; by a franchisee and an associate. The company has taken diversified strategy and located its units in the 118 countries. In the process of internationalization, it has adopted the model of franchisee. Over 85% restaurants of this company are running by the franchisee (Dabija and Postelnicu 2015). The company has followed standardized processes across all its restaurants in the world. Therefore, the central control of this company remains at its headquarters and the strategic controls generates value for the entire chain of the business. The company experienced significant growth in the home country, United States. It has first started its rest aurants outside the country during 1967 in Canada. Eventually it has spread to other countries in Europe; Asia and Australia. In the countries like, Japan; Canada; Germany; England; France and Australia, the company has achieved immense success. These Big Six provided 80% of the income of the company from its overseas operation (Crawford 2015). The other major important countries where they opened their operations are China; India; South Africa; Brazil; Saudi Arabia etc. The company has initially adopted standardized strategy of integration. However, with time, this company has incorporated transitional strategy in terms of responsiveness of the local market and through integrated global market. McDonalds has recognized that the standardization strategy will not bring desired outcome of revenue, as the food-intake habits are different in different nations. This is mainly because of the diversity in culture of each nation. Hence, it felt that need for local responsiveness is extremely necessary. Since, the business in the home country was big enough and they wanted to expand in the international market, it required them to manage business of different regions effectively according to the local scenario. McDonalds has constructed their value chain by considering the local culture; economic environment; legal constraints and political scenario of the respective countries. In the process of internalization, the company has brought changes in the menus th at it offers. Keeping the basic menu same, it has changed their making ingredients, for example, instead of pork or beef in the burgers the company uses chicken in the burgers and sandwiches in the countries like India (Nandini 2014). Therefore, the changes in the operations and culture of the organization have been identified in the process of internationalization. In the process of globalization, the company hired local employees of the respective nations to make it more appealing and acceptable to the local market. This enables the company to make bureaucratic association with the local government. This in turn brought up the culture of innovation in the company; improved customer sensitivity and liability to the local market. This represents change in the culture of the organization. Moreover, the company incorporates local management and its franchisee model enables this company to reduce its cost of setting up business in the new region (Mahajan 2014). This indicates the structural change in the organization. The change in structure of the organization also leads to the change in the culture of the company. These changes have taken place in this company due to the process of internationalization. The changes in the organizational structure and culture also generates due to the political sensitivity of the local market. The environment regu lations might restrict the disposal of waste generated by the functioning of the company. Therefore, the operation of the company had to consider the issues related to its production and adopted production processes that would create less pollution to the nature. As a result of this, producing foods maintaining sustainability of the environment has become the culture of the McDonalds. Hence, due to the internationalization, organization culture focuses on making goodwill of the company and the brand has been built. The structural change also includes engagement in the Corporate Social Responsibility like healthy and nutritious foods; sustainable supply chain etc (Shen and Xiao 2014). The operations of the company also changes according to the changing habit of the customers. For example, the customers now prefer low-calorie content foods, because of the growing health concern. As a result of this, the company changed its production process due to local need of the respective countri es. Since the company is a transnational, McDonalds follows the standard operation processes all over the world. However, these processes might be different from the original operation method of the initial period of the company. With internationalization, the companys operation changed. Implementation of ERP system helps the company to maintain standardization in the business operations. Therefore, in spite of internationalization, where the firm is investing at a huge amount the cost of setting up a new venture has been reduced. This is considered to be a structural change in the organization. Since there is distance because of the national boundary, the company required a proper communication and information sharing process. As a result of this, the company developed transparent and efficient information sharing in order to reach properly to the stakeholders (Kane 2016). The McDonalds charges same level of prices all over the world, however, the price paid might be different because o f the volatility of the exchange rate. It has been identified that, in spite of internationalization, the operation of the company is centralized across the world. However, the strategies of different countries are different. Hence, in some region the company required involvement of higher degree of assurance of resources and some many not. Due to internationalization, the investment level is also different countries. Moreover, the organizational structure of the franchisee model allowed the company to spread at a cheaper cost. In addition to this, due to internationalization, McDonalds also controls the operations of the franchisees and use their brand as well. This company owns the property, on which the franchisees operate, and earns a percentage of sales as a rent to the property on a monthly basis. Similarly, the service fees are also obtained by the restaurants based on the performance of sales. Internationalization of McDonalds was tremendously successful due to various reasons. The companys change in culture according to the local culture of China is the major reason behind the success of the company (Chen 2014). In the process of internationalization, the companys focus on meeting local needs was its the major global expansion policy. The need for internationalization has led to using vertical integration approach in order to improve the productivity by implementing efficient software. The opening of McDonalds stores at shopping malls and town, i.e., in the areas of busy lifestyle, took place in South Africa in order to comfort the consumers. In Saudi Arabia, this company remains close during the five times for prayer and they do not serve pork in order to respect the culture of Islam. This is another example how the companys culture has changed due to internationalization. In India, this organization uses highly customized menu to suit the taste of India. It has separate d Vegetarian and non-vegetarian kitchen to take care of the local beliefs of the population. While internationalizing, McDonalds has integrated its brand all over the world to build high identifications and brand image (Aula and Mantere 2013). Conclusion The paper has identified the internationalization process of an organization. It has been identified that there are two methods, one is standardization and adaptation. The company may sell same products to the foreign market or may sell different products based on the requirement of the foreign customers. The strategy of internationalization is important as it involves the key to success of the firm that plans to expand in the international market. It has been identified that McDonalds organizational culture has changed according to the local requirement of the respective firms. The structural change of McDonalds has also been identified due to internationalization of the company. References Alvesson, M. and Sveningsson, S., 2015.Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge. Aula, P. and Mantere, S., 2013. Making and breaking sense: an inquiry into the reputation change.Journal of Organizational Change Management,26(2), pp.340-352. Bartunek, J.M. and Woodman, R.W., 2015. Beyond Lewin: toward a temporal approximation of organization development and change. Behal, V. and Bansal, P., 2013. Managing change in organization: Challenges and solutions.ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research,3(3), pp.165-175. Boussebaa, M. and Morgan, G., 2015. Internationalization of professional service firms: drivers, forms and outcomes.The Oxford Handbook of Professional Service Firms. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp.71-91. Burke, W.W., 2013.Organization Change: Theory and Practice: Theory and Practice. Sage Publications. Casillas, J.C. and Acedo, F.J., 2013. Speed in the internationalization process of the firm.International Journal of Management Reviews,15(1), pp.15-29. Chandra, Y., Styles, C. and Wilkinson, I.F., 2012. An opportunity-based view of rapid internationalization.Journal of International Marketing,20(1), pp.74-102. Chen, R., 2014. Effects of McDonalds on Younger Chinese Generations Lives. Crawford, A., 2015. McDonald's: A Case Study in Globalization.Journal of Global Business Issues,9(1), p.11. Cummings, T. and Worley, C., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Dabija, D.C. and Postelnicu, C., 2015. Mcdonald's-Between Internationalization And Regionalization Of Restaurant's Value.Review of Management Economic Engineering,14(1). Eriksson, K., Johanson, J., Majkgrd, A. and Sharma, D.D., 2015. Experiential Knowledge and Cost in the Internationalization Process. InKnowledge, Networks and Power(pp. 41-63). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Forsgren, M., 2015.Managing the Internationalization Process (Routledge Revivals): The Swedish Case. Routledge. GrÄâ„ ¢bosz, M. and Hak, A., 2015. Multidimensional character of globalisation. Hudzik, J.K., 2014.Comprehensive internationalization. Taylor Francis. Kane, G.C., 2016. How McDonalds Cooked Up More Transparency.MIT Sloan Management Review,57(2). Lounsbury, M. and Beckman, C.M., 2015. Celebrating organization theory.Journal of Management Studies,52(2), pp.288-308. Mahajan, S., 2014. Competitive advantage through training and development in Mcdonald's: a case study.International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering,4(10), p.403. Moorman, C.W.W., 2013. Driving Cultural Change in a Large Organization. Nandini, A.S., 2014. McDonald's Success Story in India.Journal of Contemporary Research in Management,9(3), p.21. Nesbit, P.L. and Lam, E., 2014. Cultural adaptability and organizational change: a case study of a social service organization in Hong Kong.Contemporary Management Research,10(4), p.303. Shen, Q. and Xiao, P., 2014. McDonald's and KFC in China: Competitors or Companions?.Marketing Science,33(2), pp.287-307. Whitley, R., 2012. Internationalization and the Institutional Structuring of Economic Organization.Capitalisms and capitalism in the twenty-first century, p.211.

Sapphos Influence on Anna Akhmatova free essay sample

A comparison between the Greek Poet Sappho and the Russian Poet Anna Akhmatova. This paper compares and contrasts the Greek Poet Sappho and the Russian Poet Anna Akhmatova. Each poet is discussed individually in terms of history, style, overall influence on their era, major emphases, relevant political issues, and life/cultural/societal crises that influenced their work. Aeolic dialect (many meters) was used in Sapphos poetry and she became known for her Sapphic Stanza. She wrote mainly for young women. Her principal subject was love and the expression of her feelings for women, her daughter and nature. She also composed songs or poems to celebrate marriage and tell of the events of the wedding day. In the second and third centuries B.C. her poems were collected and edited into nine books. Her work influenced readers, scholars and Roman poets among whom there were: Catullus, Ovid and Horace. By the fifth century A. We will write a custom essay sample on Sapphos Influence on Anna Akhmatova or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page D., Sapphos poetry was virtually forgotten. While exemplifying personal or confessional poetry, Anna achieved universal appeal pro artistic and emotional integrity. Her primary subject was love, mostly frustrated, tragic love with an intensely feminine accent. She later added civic, patriotic and religious themes without sacrificing personal intensity or artistic conscience.

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buy custom Evidence-Based Pharmacology The Infectious Disease Tuberculosis (TB) Introduction In this assignment, Tuberculosis (TB) is reviewed. The infectious disease is caused by a bacterium known as Mycobacterium tubercuslosis that mostly affects the lungs (World Health Organization, 2015). The bacterium is transmitted from one person to another through droplets that originate from the throat or lungs of those who have the disease. Healthy people infected by the bacterium do not exhibit symptoms due to active immune system that guards against the disease. Ten percent of those who have latent TB develop active TB at some point in their lives (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). Even though many people think that developed countries, such as the United States, do not have cases of TB, this assumption might not be true because the disease still remains a major killer in the world. Nearly one-third of the worlds population or 2 billion people are thought to be suffering from the disease (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010).

Nifedipine for High Blood Pressure essays

Nifedipine for High Blood Pressure essays Nifediine is a calcium slow-channel blocker and an antianginal drug that selectively inhibits the influx of calcium ions into both cardiac muscle. In addition it dilates arteries and arterioles of the heart and inhibits coronary spasms, which improves oxygen delivery. In addition it has a mild effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings. Usually this change is small, i the range of 5 - 10 hg, but sometimes the Nifepidine treats vasoplastic angina when that angina has been confirmed either by documentation of classical angina pattern; provocation of angina with ergonovine, or as confirmed on an angiogram. It treats chronic angina when beta-blockers or nitrates have failed or in patients who do not tolerate those medications well. There are several warnings regarding nifedipine. Some patients experience marked drops in low blood pressure, sometimes but not always when used in combination with a beta-blocker. Documented incidents of severe hypotension followed by myocardial infarction and death from nifedipine have been noted, and it should not be used to achieve blood pressure reduction. There are no well-done studies demonstrating safety or efficacy for nifedipine when used this way and its use for control of essential hypertension is contra-indicated. Close monitoring is required when a patient taking nifedipine or Procardia also is taking medication to In addition there is some clinical evidence that nifedipine or Procardia may reduce platelet aggregation. No specific warnings are given regarding dental care, although it should be noted that nifedipine has a ...

Adverse Possession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Adverse Possession - Essay Example However, adverse possession is now governed by the Land Registration Act 2002, which came into force in October 2003. The Land Registration Act 2002 reduced the statutory amount of time to qualify for adverse possession from 12 to 10 years. However, the time required for adverse possession to be proved still remains at twelve years if the person claiming adverse possession had had possession of the said piece of land for a period of more than twelve years. An analysis of the issue of adverse possession in different jurisdictions indicates that the statutory period is varied and the elements that justify adverse possession are sometimes different. For example, in France, adverse possession is only acquired if a statutory period of thirty years has elapsed, while in Spain, the period is determined by the state of the property. In the Netherlands, statutory time is based on good faith, where the squatter is granted the land after ten years wit the presence of good faith, or twenty years otherwise. As already stated, the issue of adverse possession before the Land Registration Act 2002 came into force did not give the paper owner the right to challenge the application for adverse possession by the squatter. However, with the introduction of the new act, the simple fact of adverse possession for 12 years will not imply automatic ownership for the squatter; the squatter will be entitled to apply for adverse possession after 10 years possession.After the application is made, the registered owner.

Mulatto Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mulatto - Essay Example Robert, however, insists on being a white man, especially after school has taught him that he is equal to any other white human being. As a mulatto, Robert experiences the strangeness of nothingness, which leads to his anxiety and harbored hate towards whites and blacks alike, and ultimately, to his tragedy, he eventually stops thinking and acting like a rational human being. A person normally has knowledge of his/her own family, but Robert does not get any acknowledgment from his own father that the former is his own son, and so Robert feels like a worthless illegitimate son. At the age of 7 years old, he calls the Colonel papa in front of his fathers white friends. As a result, Colonel thrashed and hurt him badly. Bert was the "favorite" (Hughes, par. 91) before this incident, but he was not the one anymore. It is possible that notwithstanding the darkness of Colonels heart, he loved Bert because he looked more like him and was very smart too. Colonel Norwood has not actively "blacken" his son by removing any idea of whiteness out of the child just as he does not fully break any residual filial bonds by sending his son to school. Despite these childhood memories, Bert thinks that he is a "real white man" because of his birth right (Hughes, par. 94). Lamb talks about paternal rejection and how mulattoes seek to shun the silence on their paternity by dec laring that they are the sons of white men. This assertion emasculates the white fathers, which Bert also does in the play. Later on, after coming back from school, Bert asserts that he is Norwood and half-white by trying to shake hands with his father, a greeting between equal free men. Unfortunately, his father rejects him, but he still does not hurt him enough to break his son and teach him his right place in society. This play shows that even if a mulatto has a white father, the latter can easily not acknowledge him

Panera Bread Essay Example for Free

Panera Bread Essay Panera Bread is a nationwide known eatery that provides premium foods in a sophisticated atmosphere. Panera Bread is in the line of bakery-cafà ©. They decided to set themselves apart from eateries such as McDonald’s, Wendy’s, and Burger King. The stores are equipped with very intimate settings and Wi-Fi. Panera Bread specializes in a variety fresh baked bread and meal options for the health conscience customer. SWOT Analysis Strengths †¢Panera Bread is known nationwide and this helps to attract customers. †¢Panera Bread has an assortment of fresh breads and meal offerings to accommodate those that are health conscience. †¢Panera Bread moved past the fast food market and decided to offer high-quality, premium food to its customers. †¢The overall ambience of the eatery gives an intimate, at home feel that makes the customer want †¢Scott Davis, senior vice president and chief concept office had a clear vision of the direction Panera Bread would take and a clear strategy of how to achieve that goal. Weakness †¢The eatery offers premium, fast dining and the prices may appear to be on the higher end to customers. †¢Panera Bread has not been able to increase the frequency of which customers dine at the eatery. †¢In order to enter as a franchise, Panera Bread has a very strict list of criteria that makes it difficult to qualify. Opportunities †¢Panera Bread can cease the opportunity to offer their fresh baked breads in supermarkets or sell their breads in store to customers. †¢Panera Bread has the opportunity to offer a lower end eating experience. This lower end chain will appeal to potential customers who cannot afford and expensive meal for the family. Threats †¢Panera Bread’s direct competition is fast-casual restaurants. †¢The change in the economy has affected how often individuals and families go outside of the home to dine. Alternatives 1.Offer Panera Bread’s signature dough and bread to local supermarkets or for sell at the Panera stores. 2.Introducing a lower market restaurant. 3.Make entering the franchise easier by making the criteria to qualify less strict. Discussion of Alternatives Alternative 1: Pros: Offering their dough for purchase by customers has the potential to generate more revenue for the company. It will also introduce the Panera Bread brand into households of those who have not visited the restaurant. Cons: The cost to produce the fresh dough to customers may exceed the overall gain to the company. Alternative 2: Pros: Introducing an alternate chain to appeal to a lower income customer base will expand the customer base. With the present state of the economy, families are finding it hard to eat out especially when the prices are high. Cons: This particular alternative detours the company from their clear goal. With so many affordable eateries, Panera Bread strives to set itself apart from the others. Alternative 3: Pros: Easing the criteria would make entry in the franchise easier. This will allow for more Panera Bread stores to open. Cons: Easing the criteria would deteriorate the stability of the franchise. The strict criteria ensure the overall success of the franchise. Recommendations Panera Bread would benefit most by teaming up with supermarkets to supply fresh baked Panera Bread. Even though the company itself does not serve frozen bread, it may be a good idea to offer the frozen dough for customers to purchase.

The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx :: Communist Manifesto Essays

The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx    Karl Marx (1818-1883) has been established (post-mortem of course, like almost all greats, it seems) as one of the most influential thinkers and writers of modern times. The Communist Manifesto published in 1848, lays down his theories on socialism. This manifesto was used to establish Communist Russia. Although that "experiment" failed, there are still points in his work that I find relevant in today's society.    One of Marx's arguments is that the society created by the bourgeois is so powerful and out of control that it can no longer be controlled. The modern bourgeois society, he explains "a society that has conjured up such gigantic means of production and of exchange, [it] is like the sorcerer, who is no longer able to control the powers of the nether world when he has called up by his spells" (217). His remedy for this situation was an overthrow of the ruling bourgeois society and the beginning of the proletariat society. This can be loosely compared with the current situation with Microsoft and the monopoly argument. Bill Gates has brought a problem with our free market system to the attention of the American public. However, how answer will not be to overthrow the current government, but rather more regulations. Another argument that Marx brings out that is relevant in today's society is the distinct class differences. He mentions how 10% of the people have virtually all the property. This is extremely relevant. However, in today's society, wealth is not so much measured by property but by total addition of all one's assets. In the United States today, 20% of the population has 85% of the wealth. This is evidence of the enormous class differences that we experience in today's society, which are comparable to the stratification that Marx emphasizes.    Although Karl Marx is able to make some relevant points in his The Communist Manifesto, he also makes some points that are just not applicable today, and in my view in any time period. On page 230, he mentions that top-ten list of measures that will be applicable in communist countries. Number 9 is just plain lunacy. "Combination of agriculture and manufacturing industries; gradual abolition of the distinction between town and country by a more equitable distribution of the population over the country" (230). The reason the so-called "country" is less populated is because there has to be room for the crops to grow. The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx :: Communist Manifesto Essays The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx    Karl Marx (1818-1883) has been established (post-mortem of course, like almost all greats, it seems) as one of the most influential thinkers and writers of modern times. The Communist Manifesto published in 1848, lays down his theories on socialism. This manifesto was used to establish Communist Russia. Although that "experiment" failed, there are still points in his work that I find relevant in today's society.    One of Marx's arguments is that the society created by the bourgeois is so powerful and out of control that it can no longer be controlled. The modern bourgeois society, he explains "a society that has conjured up such gigantic means of production and of exchange, [it] is like the sorcerer, who is no longer able to control the powers of the nether world when he has called up by his spells" (217). His remedy for this situation was an overthrow of the ruling bourgeois society and the beginning of the proletariat society. This can be loosely compared with the current situation with Microsoft and the monopoly argument. Bill Gates has brought a problem with our free market system to the attention of the American public. However, how answer will not be to overthrow the current government, but rather more regulations. Another argument that Marx brings out that is relevant in today's society is the distinct class differences. He mentions how 10% of the people have virtually all the property. This is extremely relevant. However, in today's society, wealth is not so much measured by property but by total addition of all one's assets. In the United States today, 20% of the population has 85% of the wealth. This is evidence of the enormous class differences that we experience in today's society, which are comparable to the stratification that Marx emphasizes.    Although Karl Marx is able to make some relevant points in his The Communist Manifesto, he also makes some points that are just not applicable today, and in my view in any time period. On page 230, he mentions that top-ten list of measures that will be applicable in communist countries. Number 9 is just plain lunacy. "Combination of agriculture and manufacturing industries; gradual abolition of the distinction between town and country by a more equitable distribution of the population over the country" (230). The reason the so-called "country" is less populated is because there has to be room for the crops to grow.

Plague, Pox and Pestilence: Disease in History Essay

The book ‘Plague, Pox and Pestilence’ is an interesting and complete survey of epidemics and diseases, which have occurred in the past. The book was written by a historian, and it contains a lot of detailed information that puts the progression of various epidemics into view, as they relate to societies that are in their developing stages. Western imperialism, Western elites, Western religions, and Western medicine have made these epidemics even more dreadful. Throughout the text, short contemporary reports are shown, which suggest that these epidemics have had an enormous impact on society, especially during the peak of their outbreaks. The book is also aesthetically illustrated with a lot of engravings, drawings and photographs that were collected from plenty of sources. â€Å"Some of the sources used for this book back as far as the 15th century. Although not a â€Å"hard† science book, it should be of enormous interest to all microbiologists. Its size and appearance suggest that the book is aimed at the â€Å"coffee table† to which it would be an interesting if somewhat gruesome addition. † Westwell, J. The book ‘Plague, Pox and Pestilence’ is an interesting read because it brings into focus, the pathogenic killers diseases of the developing world (bubonic plague, leprosy, smallpox, syphilis, cholera, and the tropical fevers, malaria and yellow fever. ) About the Author. Kenneth Kiple is the author of the book ‘plague, pox and pestilence’ He has written several other books including the book ‘Black Yellow Fever Immunities, Innate and Acquired, as Revealed in the American South, A Movable Feast: Ten Millennia of Food Globalization (2007), Contemporary Authors: (1939), The Caribbean Slave: A Biological History (Studies in Environment and History) (2002), Blacks in Colonial Cuba (1976), The African Exchange: Toward a Biological History of Black People (1988), The Cambridge World History of Human Disease (1993), Another Dimension to the Black Diaspora: Diet, Disease and Racism (2003), The Cambridge World History of Food (2000), The Cambridge Historical Dictionary of Disease (2003), and Stone agers in the fast lane? Today’s health and yesterday’s nutrition (University professor lecture series) (1995). He has also written several book reviews, including an article on Malaria: Poverty, Race, and Public Health in the United States, which was published in the Journal of Southern History on the 31st of July, 2005. Book Summary. The book ‘Plague, Pox and Pestilence: Disease in History’ states that epidemics have had an enormous impact on society, especially during the peak of their outbreaks. The book also tries to remind the reader of the larger problem of the consequences of allowing disease and pestilence to multiply, without checking their spread in time. The author succeeds in showing that epidemics have had an enormous impact on society and its development. The book also observes that it is unlikely that most pandemics would have become anything more than an epidemic without the modern methods of transportation. For example, Cholera â€Å"unlike other diseases that require human transportation, can exist outside the human body. † (Kiple, K. F. 1997). It is a bacterium and under the microscope it is shaped like a comma. It only affects humans. Epidemiologists believe that it evolved in the Ganges Delta region and until the modern era, was isolated to that area. Until the arrival of Europeans and their technological transportation inventions including railroads, steamships and canals, cholera had been restricted to India. For this reason, Cholera has been called a disease of the 19th century. Anyone having contact with an individual suffering from this ailment, his soiled bedding, clothing, or infected water sources was a potential victim and transporter of the disease. In its most virulent form, cholera’s death rates were, and are, over 50% for adults and overwhelmingly fatal for the elderly, infants, and the otherwise infirmed. (Kiple, K. F. 1997). The book also enlightens about the mortality rate of diseases like cholera, and about the fears and superstitions of a disease like cholera in the developing parts of the world, and the effects of such superstitions. With great justification, Cholera was perceived as a demonic, evil and foreign force similar if not worse than smallpox or the plague. In its most virulent forms, it was a highly efficient killer and often resulted in a 50% mortality rate among its healthy adult victims. Deaths in India between 1817 and 1860 are generally considered to have exceeded 15,000,000 persons. Another 23,000,000 died between 1865 and 1917. (Kiple, K. F. 1997). The author’s work has made a contribution to the academic community herein because the work succeeded in creating an awareness of diseases and the importance of controlling disease, so as to stop the growth of illness, especially among people in developing countries.

Political Corruption and Vigilance Essay

â€Å"Greater transparency is an unstoppable force. It is the product of growing demands from everybody with an interest in any corporation-its stake holder web-and of rapid technological change, above all the spread of the internet, that makes it far easier for firms to supply information and harder for them to keep secrets. Firms now know that their internal e-mails may one day become public knowledge, for instance, and many big companies must co- exist with independent websites where employees can meet anonymously to air their grievances. With greater transparency will come greater accountability and better corporate behaviour. Rather than engage in futile resistance to it, firms should actively embrace transparency and breathing the values and generally get in better shape.† Don Tapscott, co-author of â€Å"The Naked Corporation† Contents Sl.no Contents Page no. 1 Prologue I 2 Message by CVC regarding Vigilance Awareness Week II 3 The Malaise of Corruption 1-4 4 Evolution of the concept of Vigilance 5-7 5 Vigilance and line managers 8-11 6 What is Vigilance angle? 12 7 Relevant extracts of IPC relating to public  servants 13-14 8 Prevention of Corruption Act 15-27 9 Right to Information Act 28-47 10 FAQ on PIDPI resolution 48-50 11 CVC circulars on tendering 51-99 12 Preventive vigilance circulars 100-132 13 Vigilance case studies 133-145 14 Checkpoints on handling of tenders 146-151 15 Epilogue Prologue It gives me immense pleasure to state that in an attempt to inculcate a spirit of Vigilance Awareness amongst the employees of NCL, a modest effort has been made by the Vigilance Deptt. of NCL to publish a magazine named â€Å"Vigilance Perspective†. The magazine is intended to be quarterly in its periodicity. The contents of this issue have been calibrated and fine-tuned to include topics that have direct nexus with the perceived need to promote vigilance awareness/consciousness amongst the employees of NCL. In this endeavor no attempt has been made to project the claim of originality in any manner. CVC vide their instruction no.008/VGL/069 dt.7.10.08 had directed to use the Vigilance Awareness Week to publicise the protection informers resolution (Popularly known as Whistle Blower Resolution). Having regard to the instruction of CVC, a writeup on lodging complaint under PIDPI Resolution has been incorporated in this issue. Apart from Right to Information Act, and Prevention of Corruption Act, it contains chapters on leading vigilance case studies of NCL and system improvement circulars issued as a consequence of vigilance activities in NCL. Handling of contracts and public procurement of goods and services are generally perceived to be corruption prone areas. Considering the requirement of making public procurement efficient, transparent & equitable important CVC guidelines on tendering procedures have been made a part of this publication. Besides, the gist of CVC’s findings on irregularities found by them in handling of public procurement forms a chapter in this issue under the head â€Å"Checkpoints in handling contracts/supplies/purchase†. It is hoped that the checkpoints could be quite useful and handy for executives/employees in handling contracts/supplies/purchases. The maiden attempt has been possible on account of the untiring efforts of and unceasing/relentless endeavor of the executives/non executive of Vigilance Deptt. of NCL. Especially, but for the diligence of Shri Ashok Kumar, Sr.PA, Ms Reeta Pandit, Sr.PA and Shri R.Swansi, Sr.PA, it would not have been possible on the part of the undersigned to bring this out. Message by CVC regarding Vigilance Awareness Week Vigilance Awareness Week would be observed in all Governent organizations from 3rd. November to 7th. November 2008. It is the time of the year when we rededicate ourselves and renew our commitment to the cause of creating conditions to eliminate rent seeking behaviour and to ensure that public services are rendered with utmost honesty, sincerity and efficiency. 2. The Commission would like to see promotion of Preventive Vigilance Activities with emphasis on development of a foolproof system. A system that encourages strict adherence to the principles of non discretionary decision making on the basis of well defined rules would go a long way in obviating the need for disciplinary action well after the event is over. There cannot be a more apt description in this regard than the old adage: â€Å"Prevention is better than cure†. 3. The role of the Secretaries to the Govt. of India and the CMDs of the PSUs and the Public Sector Banks, as heads of the vigilance administration, in this regard, hardly needs any emphasis. Vigilance is very much a management tool and, as such, should be used synergetically with the other tools to improve efficiency by promoting competitiveness, equity and transparency. 4. The fight against corruption is too serious a task to be left to the heads of vigilance in Govt.Organisations or the Commisison alone. The civil society and citizens in general must play a far more effective and pro-active role in this fight. Of particular importance in this endeavour is the recourse to Public Interest Disclosure and Protection of Informers’ (PIDPI) Resolution, 2004, under which the complainants can approach the Commission directly as â€Å"Whistle Blowers†. The Commission remains committed to protecting the safety and identity of the Whistle Blowers and urges more such persons to come forward in order to expose corruption in public life, taking advantage of PIDPI Resolution, 2004. (Sudhir Kumar) (Ranjana Kumar) Vigilance Commissioner Vigilance Commissioner (Pratyush Sinha) Central Vigilance Commiassioner THE MALAISE OF CORRUPTION-IT’S DIAGNOSIS & PROGNOSIS Gandhiji once remarked â€Å"Nations are born of travails and suffering†.The Independent India was born because of the dedication, suffering and sacrifice of our freedom fighters. Our freedom struggle is a testimony to the indomitable spirits of Indians to counter an oppressive regime and usher in anew era for us. Nehru’s â€Å"Tryst with destiny† speech set the tone for optimism for post- independence of India. Though the nation has made giant leaps in it’s position in the comity of nations,  yet crippling poverty of some, low per capita income & the standard of living of an average Indian as compared to the citizen of a developed nation remain as enduring features of Indian economy. A large chunk of Indians live under the poverty line. â€Å"Roti , kapda & makan† still remain a distant dream for toiling millions of Indians. It is a strange irony that India prides itself on having it’s presence in the Moon when quite a few Indians fail to make both ends meet. It is a story of contrasts-of successful Indians making a  mark in all spheres of human activities in the international level when millions of Indians are unable to make two ends meet. â€Å"World Hunger Index† of IFPRI, the â€Å"human development index† of UN, World Bank data on â€Å"child malnutrition and maternal mortality rate†,†Corruption perception index† of Transparency international, a survey of the center for media studies on â€Å"petty bribes†, â€Å"index of economic freedom† published annually by the heritage foundation and Wall Street Journal, the world bank annual series on † Ease of Doing business†, infraction of â€Å"rule of law† and â€Å"difficulty in closing business† do not show India in good light. CORRUPTION-THE VILLIAN OF THE PIECE Undoubtedly, Corruption is one of the predominant reasons for India’s backwardness in respect of some of the socio- economic indicators of development. The growth of economy is inversely related to the corruption index. To put it the other way, the GDP of a nation rises as the corruption index falls and vice-versa. The corrosive nature of corruption is indicated by the following negative impacts of corruption: †¢ It adversely affects the performance of the system as a whole and compromises the economy’s long term dynamics. †¢ It generates negative economy wide externalities that denigrates efficiency of the system. †¢ Corruption leads to the favoring of inefficient producers †¢ It distorts the allocation of scarce public resources and causes leakage of revenue from government coffers to private hands. †¢ It distorts the allocation of scarce public resources and causes leakage of revenue from government coffers to private hands. †¢ Large scale tax evasion erodes the tax base and in the process helps the generation of black money. Hence, it is not uncommon to find schools without students, teachers without schools, hospitals without doctors or medicines and so on ,though on paper all expenditures have been accounted for. †¢ Large scale tax evasion erodes the tax base and in the process helps the generation of black money. †¢ The result is crowding out of investment in priority sector such as education or health. †¢ Corruption in the economy leads to inflated government expenditures and scarce resources are squandered on uneconomic projects because of their potential to generate lucrative payoffs. No wonder that corruption is anti-poor and anti-national. In the immortal words of Mahatma Gandhi, â€Å"The progress of the nation will be hindered to the extent to which corruption seeps in† THE PERCEIVED NEED TO FIGHT CORRUPTION: As Dr. Manmohan Singh, the PM of India has observed, â€Å"Good governance rests on the honesty and integrity of civil servants and transparency of the administrative machinery.†Because of the negative impact of corruption on public governance and its intrinsic nature to baulk at the developmental process, there is both real and perceived need to combat corruption. HOW TO FIGHT AND DECIMATE CORRUPTION? The pessimists would lament that corruption is an invincible hydra-headed monster, which Phoenix like, rises from the ashes of it’s own destruction. On the contrary, the perennial optimists harbour a contrarian viewpoint . Their self-belief to wrestle with the malady of corruption stems from their  conviction that within each corrupt official inhabits an honest person with the vanity of an honest individual. Besides, they reckon with the fact that the vast majority bitterly resents corruption – they suffer in silence, somet imes in fear. Such resentments, if harnessed, would constitute a potent weapon against corruption. Success they say is a self-fulfilling prophecy. In other words , if it is thought that corruption can be defeated, then it surely will be. However , if it is believed that corruption is intractable, then the pessimism will in all certainty fulfill itself. ———————————————————————————————————— â€Å"On this earth there is enough for everyone’s need , but not enough for their greed†-GANDHIJI ———————————————————————————————————— 7 The fight against corruption can only be successful when public awareness is coupled with anti-corruption efforts. The primary objective of creating public awareness is to sensitize the public about about the consequences of corruption and to educate the people about the improvements needed to create a corruption free society . As the current President of India,Mrs Pratibha Devsingh Patil has succintly observed, â€Å"A corruption free society is only possible if basic tenets of righteousness are deeply ingrained in our hearts and minds.† The CVC in their message on Vigilance awareness week have appropriately contended, â€Å"However, to fight the menace of corruption , collective and concentrated efforts are required in which the common man , who is the ultimate victim and beneficiary is an important partner. An evil like corruption can be eliminated only when the common man is empowered to become  fully aware of his rights , feels the need and has the urge to stand up against corrupt public servants. The right to information Act,if used to the optimum and in a judicious manner, has the potential for such empowerment.† When the common man becomes aware of his rights and duties, is familiar with rules, regulations ,laws,instructions etc he jettisons being the willing accomplice to corrupt practices. It needs an attitudinal change in him to non-co-operate with venal officials. Besides , a realization should dawn upon public officials that: †¢ They are the servants of the public and not their masters †¢ They should remind themselves that they should be so high that law is above them. In other words they should respect law and believe in rule of law. †¢ Their actions are subject to public and judicial scrutiny. †¢ They should be sensitive to the grievances of employees †¢ They should act reasonably, fairly and judiciously in exercise of discretion †¢ They must not do what they have been forbidden to do, nor must they do what  they have not been authorized to do. †¢ They must act in good faith, must have regard to relevant considerations, must  not be influenced by irrelevant considerations and must not seek to promote puposes alien to the letter and spirit of legisation. †¢ Their actions should be rational, legal and regular in nature. †¢ Law should not be administered with an â€Å"evil eye, unequal/oppressive mind and  unequal hand† †¢ Hostile discrimination without intelligible differentia should be avoided at all  cost. †¢ To avoid disproportionate administrative action. ———————————————————————————————————— Among a people generally corrupt, liberty cannot long exist. Edmund Burke (1729-1797) British political writer ————————————————————————————————– 8 The vigilance awareness week provides an opportunity to rededicate ourselves to this mission and devise strategies in priority areas like system improvements and preventive vigilance . It also provides an opportunity to reach out to the stakeholders with a n open mind and to invite suggestions to chalk out ways and means to deliver services in a transparent and efficient manner and to devise a methodology to eliminate corruption from public life. The primary objective of the observance is to generate vigilance awareness amongst the stakeholders of NCL i.e., customers,employees , vendor partners etc. It was intended to sensitize the people about the need to wrestle with the dragon of corruption.It is possible to reduce corruption if only we convince ourselves that it can be done. The way out of corruption is to; 1. eliminate the corrupt practices in our official procedure. 2. combine- consider one integrated service counter instead of  many 3. re-sequence which can improve efficiency and reduce  corruption 4. substitute -offer the option to download routine forms from  the web to finish off the nexus of the peddlers 5. modify procedures 6. We must all understand the evils of corruption and imbibe the  culture of honesty,integrity, transparency and probity. Russel said if you articulate a point of view often enough it acquires  respectability.† Nothing is as powerful as an idea whose time has come- so lets open our minds to the idea that corruption can indeed be defeated.†De tocqueville has said that the inevitable can become intolerable as soon as it is no longer perceived to be inevitable- so lets reject the inevitability  of corruption and soon we may find it to be truly intolerable.Shaw -success comes to the unreasonable man who wants to change; so lets resolve to be unreasonable. ———————————————————————————————————– â€Å"Corruption is like a ball of snow, once it’s set a rolling it must increase.† Charles Caleb Colton (1780-1832) British clergyman, sportsman and author. ————————————————————————————————– ———————————————————————————————————— â€Å"I have often noticed that a bribe has that effect — it changes a relation. The man who offers a bribe gives away a little of his own importance; the bribe once accepted, he becomes the inferior, like a man who has paid for a woman.† Graham Greene (1904-1991) English writer. 9 EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF VIGILANCE By: B.Pradhan Chief Vigilance Officer/NCL Etymologically, VIGILANCE connotes watchfulness and the planned effort to uncover and punish corruption and bribery. But the concept of vigilance has undergone metamorphosis in the course of inexorable march of human history. The present concept of vigilance, however, is inextricably connected with its history. It can be understood properly only when it is read in conjunction with its history. An man emerged stumbling and slouching from the jungles and put forward his tentative steps in the direction of a civilized existence, he has been seized of the problem of combating corruption both at the individual as well as the societal place. In other words, the problem of corruption is as old as the human race and mankind’s war against corruption dates back to Adam’s Original sin. Before human beings coalesced into society, the life of human beings was either  Ã¢â‚¬Å"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short† or â€Å"one of noble savage†. In either case, the ye arning or search for an ordered, regulated, corruption-free and peaceful life has exercised the minds of thinkers, philosophers and social scientists. Concurrently, with the evolution human society, mankind has devised structures, systems, rules, regulations, legal framework and principles for regulating human behaviors so as to obviate the scope for corruption in socio-economic- political order. We may have a glimpse of the tectonic changes or shifts that have taken place in man’s quest for justice, liberty, equality & integrity. It is a matter of history that highly developed civilization existed in China, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Babylon and India in ancient days. It is also a fact that corruption, in its different forms, also coexisted during those days. So also, the human endeavor to curb and eliminate corruption in its different manifestations. The wide prevalence of corruption in Ancient India is evident in Kautilya’s Arthasastra. Kautilya drew a parallel between a fish in water and an official of the state invested with power for discharging the functions of the state. With words, pregnant with wisdom and indicating his pragmatism/political sagacity, he observed that just as it is difficult to say whether a fish deep in water is drinking water or not, so also, it is not easy to say whether government servant is corrupt or not. He also says that just as it is impossible not to taste the drop of honey or poison that is placed at the tip of the tongue, so it is rather impossible for the government employee not to eat up at least a bit of king’s revenue. In his monumental work, Kautilya lists 40 ways of embezzlement. Not only that, he prescribes different punishments for different crimes. Besides, Indian folklore is replete with stories of kings and nobles employing the services of spies for keeping an eye on potential criminals, enemies of state and offenders of discipline. Further, the concept of policing was an integral part of and an important element in the criminal administration during the ancient age. A study of the justice system prevalent then gives an insight into the notion of vigilance in vogue then and shows that preventive as well as punitive vigilance were in practice then. The middle ages, however, marked a new phase in the evolution of state and state craft. The spirit of republicanism, the growth of democracy and the germination of the concept of rule of law was aborted by the â€Å"concept of divine right of kingship.† The  absolute monarch claimed his ancestry to god and ruled by the power of his sword a s the regent of the god. The acts of omission and commission of the king were given a religious colour. He was referred to as the march of god on earth. The religion of man was exploited to legitimize the rule of the monarchs of those days. The church and the kind reinforced each other in maintaining their respective positions in the social scale. The long and short of it was that the boundary wall between the political and the religious domain was smudged/blurred. Consequently, enormous powers were concentrated in the kings, princes, priests and those in their close proximity. Such concentration of power bred corruption, injustice and oppression of the downtrodden. Kings, princes and nobles governed as per their whims, facies and caprices by giving their acts a religious colour. The advent of renaissance and reformation in western Europe marks a watershed in man’s search for shacking absolute power of monarchy. Reformation challenged the dominance of Papal church and questioned it’s supremacy in the maters of faith. ——————————————————————————————————————————– â€Å"Corruption is worse than prostitution. The latter might endanger the morals of an individual, the former invariably endangers the morals of the entire country.† Karl Kraus (1874-1936) Austrian satirist.

Jane Eyre and the Balance of Emotions Essays

Jane Eyre and the Balance of Emotions Essays Jane Eyre and the Balance of Emotions Essay Jane Eyre and the Balance of Emotions Essay Essay Topic: Jane Eyre The Giver Charlotte Bronte was a remarkable English Victorian novelist celebrated for her ability to articulate social commentary in her works of love and courtship. Jane Eyre is no exception. In the novel, Bronte conveys the importance of tempering passions with self-control in order to balance desire and need. The protagonist and narrator, Jane Eyre, constantly battles with her conflicting feelings of intense passion, her strive for personal freedom, and restrictive social conventions. Jane Eyre must reconcile her temper and contradictory desires to interface her fierce sense of independence and autonomy and her desperate desire for communion. Bronte begins to disentangle the contradictory yearnings and emotions of Jane Eyre by acknowledging the relationship of Jane and Edward Rochester. In chapter 27, Jane’s moral integrity is tested when Rochester attempts to persuade Jane to stay with him despite his marriage to Bertha Mason. Jane replies, â€Å"I care for myself. The more solitary, the more friendless, the more unsustained I am, the more I will respect myself† (273). Although tempestuous, Jane recognizes that staying with Rochester would mean compromising herself. She asserts her worth regardless of others. Personal freedom is an indispensable theme of Jane Eyre. Throughout the novel, Jane struggles to find autonomy. As an orphan, she is restricted, terrorized by her cousins and aunt. As the novel progresses, she becomes entwined with Rochester, stymieing Jane’s search for freedom. Towards the end of the novel, Jane can come to terms with her independence as she detaches herself from those burdeni ng her and seeks out other independent-minded people. Additionally, Bronte addresses Jane’s dependence on religion in regards to the novel’s assessment of the contradictions between passionate feeling and judgment. Jane claims she, â€Å"will keep the law given by God; sanctioned by man† (273). Jane sees God as the giver of the laws by

Free sample - Texting May Be Taking Its Toll. translation missing

Texting May Be Taking Its Toll. Texting May Be Taking Its TollIntroduction According to the author Hafner (2009), in an article published on a daily press New York Times; Texting May Be Taking a Toll, makes use of the rhetoric art of writing to communicate effectively and persuasively. She goes along to use the three audience appeals: logos, pathos, and ethos. She also uses rhetoric writing by dividing her work into the five clearly defoined ‘canons’ which include: invention, arrangement, style, memory and, delivery. Rhetoric art is an ancient art dating back to the 4th century BC. It is categorically described as the art of persuasion. Aristotle the philosopher is accredited as the basic developer of the art, and has through time had influence on the development of the rhetorical theory from ancient through modern times. Discussion I have analyzed from the article the use of this art bit by bit. In the introductory section of the article, the author uses the canon of invention by the way she puts emphases on the intensity of texting as well as by comparing different circumstances and situations. She also uses delivery to create meaning and effect. A perfect exemplar of this can be demonstrated when she says, â€Å"They do it late at night when their parents are asleep, they do it in restaurants and while crossing busy streets. They do it in the classroom with their hands behind their back. They do it so much their thumbs hurt.† (Hafner, 2009). In the last sentence of the quote, the author uses Pathos to create an emotional sympathy. That is by employing the meticulous choice of words like â€Å"hurt† to evoke emotions to the reader (The Art of Rhetoric, 2010). The author continues to provide proof to this by giving statistical data on the number of texts massages send and received averagely by the teenagers. This is the use of appeals Logos specifically. Logos is used to persuade the reader by means of logic. When reasoning with statistical basis, it creates reason. This can be exemplified when she says, ‘The phenomenon is beginning to worry physicians and psychologists †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Hafner, 2009). This statement seeks to form a basis for invention in argumentative, persuasive core of rhetoric. ‘Dr. Martin Joffe, a pediatrician in Greenbrae, California†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Hafner, 2009). In this text, the author is providing a reputable character to enforce on the ideology that texting is causing physical harm to the teenagers. The author in the subsequent paragraph continues to provide more conclusive assumption from reputable characters on the harms of texting among teens. This is use of appeal in the form of Ethos to cr edit the document on the reputation of the Doctor and Psychologist. By using the name of a reputable doctor who has carried out research on the topic, vouches on the integrity of the research (Hafner, 2009). Pathos, an argument that is based playing on sympathy, emotion, fears and desires can be used for persuasion. The author is keen to point on the harms that come from over texting. By pointing out the harm of this act, she attempts to sway away people away from indulging so much in the act. I quote ‘Annie Wagner, 15, a ninth grade†¦, she noticed a painful cramping in her thumbs.’ This elicits sympathy and fear to other users (Hafner, 2009). Conclusion Canons have served both analytical and generative purposes. They create a base for critic and at the same time educate. The canons are arranged in a pattern to create meaning and draw attention. In the article, the author aligns her information in an executing manner to warn and draw attention to the dangers of texting. She follows an arrangement of a classical oration; introduction, statement of facts, division, proof, refutation and conclusion. By applying this arrangement, then the application of the appeals becomes an easier task (The Canons of Rhetoric, 2010).

Influential Type Designer paper (Akira Kobayashi) Assignment

Influential Type Designer paper (Akira Kobayashi) - Assignment Example Akira Kobayashi was born in the year 1960. He undertook his studies at Murashimo Art University in Japan for four years until 1983 before proceeding for a calligraphy course at the London School of Printing. Even though the type designer did not benefit from the United States military scholarships for education at that time, he managed to carve for himself a successful career out his art studies (Kobayashi 1-2). Akira worked as a freelance type designer from 1997 to 2001, during which he won himself numerous accolades in type designing competitions. Since 2001, Akira has been the Type Director at Linotype Library. During his reign at the company, Akira has overseen the completion of numerous typefaces that have received immense appreciation from art scholars across the world. Recently, a type designer completed his Optima nova family in collaboration with the original designer, Professor Zapf Hermann. Akira Kobayashi is arguably the most accomplished type designers of his time. His dedication to the realm of typefaces has earned him very many awards and prices over a career that has spanned for close to three decades. Some of his most outstanding achievements include the following: The informal new brush typeface is characterized by a unique, streaky appearance. It was created with a brush before getting refined in order to give its font an even, overall texture. The font has proved to be very effective in big display applications in which a casual, immediate effect is desired. This is a contemporary sans serif typeface that derives its character from the Italian scripts from the Italian Renaissance. The typographer has utilized an extremely stylish and rational approach in designing an inspired modern Adobe Originals adaptation through the Calcite Pro. The typeface’s geometric form and its near crystalline texture elicit images of the mineral element from which its name has been derived. The dynamic appearance of the typeface adds a strong

Drug Court System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Drug Court System - Essay Example Hence, the introduction of various criminal justice programs to achieve this goal (James Ernest Lessenger, 2007, p. 126). The program we focus on is the Drug court system. Drug courts can be described as judicially monitored court dockets, whose aim is to handle cases involving non-violent substance abuse offenders under the juvenile, adult, tribal and family justice systems. These courts operate under a unique model where the defense, prosecution, law enforcement, social service, probation and the judiciary work as one to assist offenders recover and become valuable citizens. Drug courts were formed in 1989 when Miami-Dade County officials formulated a thorough, community based, rehabilitation, treatment, and supervisory program for drug defendants who were non-violent, to deal with increasing recidivism rates. These exceptional courts were established to incorporate treatment of drug problems into America’s criminal justice system, handling offenders with drug abuse history for their addiction, and at the same time ensuring supervision, and sanctions where necessary, from these courts (O’Hear, 2009, p. 105). The need for these courts in sentencing drug offenders arose from the dawning reality that America’s method in combating drug abuse by law enforcement strategies continued to cause a significant challenge for the country’s criminal court system. Drug related crime has continuously been an enormous burden for the American society, one whereby supply reduction techniques have unsuccessfully eliminated. Since 1989, these courts have scattered throughout America, and their movement has reflected the desire to change the focus from attempting to address drug crimes by cutting off their supply, to combating drug demand through addiction treatment. Drug courts have used criminal justice system to combat drug addictions by an integrated set of legal and social services instead of dependence on sanctions through probation or incarcerati on (O’Hear, 2009, p. 128). Drug courts have achieved success, the principal one being recidivism reduction when offenders are in the program and after. Drug courts are centered on close monitoring of offenders, with increased drug testing. These courts generate savings due to reduced prison time, reduce criminal justice expenses and reduce criminality. Offenders who have passed through this program have reduced recidivism rates than those who have not. Drug courts have demonstrated the feasibility of hiring a team based, problem solving strategy to adjudicating drug offenders in a manner that improves public safety, and criminal behavior is also reduced tremendously when offenders participate in this program (David W. Neubauer, 2010, p. 284). Several components describe the operational procedure of Drug courts, but with variation on the population of the defendant background and legal issues. In their legal framework, there are two Drug court models; post adjudication program s and deferred prosecution programs. In deferred prosecution, defendants who meet particular qualification requirements are directed towards Drug court system before pleading to a particular charge. They are expected not to plead guilty, and the ones who complete the program are not prosecuted any further, but failure to finish the program leads to prosecution. In post adjudication, defendants are supposed to plead guilty, but their

Can school violence be prevented Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Can school violence be prevented - Essay Example Educators are confronted with acts of violent behavior in schools. But for educators, parents, administrators and the student, there are many issues that are inhibiting them from preventing to make schools safer and violence free. Nevertheless, there are many ways that can help in curtailing the violence that is becoming more and more apparent in schools. School violence is an important issue which needs to be tackled and it needs to be assessed that which strategies can assist in overcoming this problem. It will be prudent to state here that the perception of school violence is differentiated among the stakeholders of education systems. Administrators, students, teachers and parents all have varying explanations and perceptions of school violence. Administrators in most cases feel that schools are safe for students but the need for more empowerment of the staff and effort in better security cannot be ignored. Teachers were found to be of the opinion that violence in schools was the result of violence in the community that has seeped into the education system. Students perceived violence as a catharsis of the bullying that they may face at some point of their lives. This increases the importance of creating or formulating a strategy that will help in aligning all into coordination and focus on prevention of violence in schools (Algozzine & McGee 2011). One of the foremost reasons for school violence has been the sudden changing of demographics. It is a fact that whenever change happens there is bound to be agitation. Consistency in the status quo is welcomed whereas sudden change can lead to frustration, anger and confusion. That is why when communities observe changes in their demographics that is changes in religion, ethnicity and race, this frustration, anger and confusion is released in brutal catharsis. But these changes can be met and adapted to by holding dialogues between the conflicting elements. Schools are most prone to dissonance which results in an act of violence when demographics change. This violence due to changes in the demographics is attributed to the fact that school is the place where students of diverse backgrounds converge and also have to spend a substantial amount of time with each other. Dialogue helps in understanding what is different about different cultures and also helps in finding common ground between the conflicting groups. To make the dialogue a success it is important that students who have been more angry and upset must be brought together from the start. (We ssler, 2011) Another approach to curtailing violence at schools will be determining the barriers or the issues that inhibit social workers and educators in implementing various studies and programs aimed at addressing the interpersonal violence at schools. There have been a lot of studies and research in finding better ways to encourage students to restrain themselves from being violent. The main barrier in implementing these studies is that there is so little time for the social workers to spend on cases and students that needed counseling. The academic needs of the students are given more importance and counseling of students is seen as diverting the attention of students. Staffing is another barrier. Effective staffing and more support from the staff of social workers can be paramount in handling violence in schools (Cawood, 2010). Acts of violence at schools have led to many studies and investigations but all these have been done in

An Analysis of Elvis Presley’s Popularity Essay Example for Free

An Analysis of Elvis Presley’s Popularity Essay The article points three of the most salient reasons behind the huge success and enormous impact of Elvis Presley to the American society the unique personality of Elvis, the way his manager has handled him, and the right timing when he emerged. Although these factors apparently shows direct effects on Presley’s popularity and impact, it should still be noted that his success would not be possible if he sticks to bigotry and conservatism. According to the article, Presley’s singing like a Black man primarily attracts people’s interest. However, it should be emphasized that Presley’s popularity could be contributed as well to his rich background in music. Presley’s music was considered having the combined elements of Gospel, Country, and Blues. (Saffle, 2009). In fact, he was a church singer when he was just young, explaining his exposure to gospel songs. However, just like what the author of the article has pointed out, Presley was not the sole artist who is like that during the time. In fact, he was not the first White American to sing blues. (Gilmore 1998). To make things worse, when Presley started to perform songs of that particular genre, he was even accused of stealing it from the Black Americans (Bertrand 2000). Amidst controversies like these, Presley somehow managed to continuously attract the eye of the public not only through his flamboyant costumes, teasing movements, and energetic performances but through his unique and charismatic personality. It could also be argued that part of this huge success came from the effective handling of his manager—Colonel Tom Parker. The presence of Presley’s manager was also considered a great help for the King’s success. Identifying the potentials and the unique gift of his talent, Colonel was able to utilize the man’s gift to transform into a name that would be forever engraved in the history of American music. It could be true that Presley would have never achieved such success without the partnership with Colonel. Though this could be primarily attributed to Colonel’s outstanding management, the treatment of the two for each other also helped. Their relationship has surpassed that of a manager and a talent. There came a time that people were joking that they were like a married couple (Nash, 2003). They spent most of their time together that is why Colonel has successfully crafted Elvis’ career. However, when Colonel decided to stop Presley’s world tours and accepted television and movie projects instead, critics considered it a wrong move and death of Presley’s music career. They accused Colonel of being too greedy by accepting lucrative projects for his client, thus sacrificing the true talent of Presley. Nonetheless, Colonel has managed to regain his glory when Presley had his successful comeback in the music scene. There is also no doubt with the article’s argument regarding the emergence of Presley at the right time in the American history. However, in this particular situation, time is not the factor. Presley’s enormous impact to the American society could be accounted for his liberal ideas and decisions. He opted not to conform to bigotry. Instead, he used his music to propagate liberating ideas to his audience, who were mainly adolescents looking for freedom. Presley also paved way for the introduction of the Black music into the music mainstream. That would undeniably resolve the question as to why he is worthy for the title King of Rock ‘n’ Roll. Works Cited Gilmore, Mikal. Night Beat: A Shadow History of Rock Roll. USA: University of Michigan, 1998 Nash, Alanna. The Colonel: The Extraordinary Story of Colonel Tom Parker and Elvis Presley. USA: Simon and Schuster, 2003 Saffle, Michael. The Musical Characteristics of Elvis Presley. Published by The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Education Bureau, 2009

Romeo and Juliet - A Great Love Story? :: Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet

Romeo and Juliet has been known as the best love story to hit the face of the earth. It is the most known and most talked about Shakespeare play and has become the ultimate classic love story. But is it even all that great? No, I do not think Romeo and Juliet is all that great of a love story. I think that the public who were exposed to the play at the time, which was around the 1600's, had not seen too many other tragic love stories, so they of course loved it. Everybody loves new and original things. So I think that Romeo and Juliet was just a big "fad" of that time. Everybody went all bazerk about the play and it just carried on. Pretty soon, all the grand children and great grandchildren (of the people who first saw the play) were told about how great of a love story Romeo and Juliet was. And it was all ready instilled in the publics mind that this was a great play even before they saw or read it. And the same has happened in our time. When somebody talks about Romeo and Juliet, everybody immediately thinks that it is the greatest book and that it is the best love story. But I do not think so. Over the past years, many love stories (movies) have came out that I think are better love stories than Romeo and Juliet. If these stories would have came out 400 years ago, then they would probably be just as well known and publicized as Romeo and juliet is today. Also, I do not like the play because it does not correspond well with current times and current ways of love and culture. That may be the reason so many people like it, because it is a classic, but it is one of the reasons why I do not. There are also some parts of the play that I do not like, Such as the idea of pretending to be dead, and being put in a coffin. There is no possible way a person can pretend to be dead. You still have to breathe, and the people that are crying over you would have to have noticed you breathing.

Behavior Problem Essay

The management of disruptive behavior problems is a familiar concern for many schools. Student’s behavior problems are challenging at all levels in school in recent years, behavior difficulties in school have increased, teachers seem to be unprepared to deal with these problem. According to C. E. C. P (1998) â€Å"Difficult student misbehaviors, reported by teacher include violation of classroom rules, being truant from school, blaming others for problems, irresponsible behavior, and destruction of property. p. 21) Given the seriousness of these behaviors, teacher are spending disproportionately more time on behavior problems that take away from instructions, compromising learning for both the student with the behavior difficulties and rest of the classroom. Therefore, teachers need to formulate a plan to help students with their behavioral problems so that the learning and teaching process happens actively and smoothly. 2. 0 Behavior Problems 2. 1 Definition of behavior, pro blem, and behavior problem. Behavior Behavior defines as the manner in which one behaves / The actions or reactions of a person or animal in response to external or internal stimuli. One of these actions or reactions: â€Å"a hormone . . . known to directly control sex-specific reproductive and parenting behaviors in a wide variety of vertebrates† (Thomas Maugh II). (Cited from American Heritage Dictionary) Problem Problem defines as any question or matter involving doubt, uncertainty, or difficulty/ a question proposed for solution or discussion / difficult to train or guide. cited from dictionary. com) Behavior Problem So basically behavior problems have both of the elements of behavior and problem. Which defines as a n action or reaction of a person to external or internal stimuli which involves qoubt, uncertainty or difficulty. 2. 2 Types of behavioral problems. There are 11 most common types of behavioral problem that a teacher might encounter in schools. (KidsBehavior (UK). mht). They are; a)Aggressive Outb urst b)Biting peers or objects c)Pulling peers hair d)Banging their head )Hitting their peers f)Pinching their peers g)Always being absent to class h)Using violence in classroom i)Lying/ blaming others j)Usage of vulgar/abusive words k)Stealing Not only behavior problems distract the attention in a classroom but also behavior disorder. Behavior disorder is a much more severe problem than behavior problems. This is because behavior disorders are hardwired in the students system. There are many types of behavior disorders and among them are a) autism, b) post-traumatic stress disorder and many more. Unfortunately, a teacher would not be able to help these types of children because this type of children needs special attention. Therefore, if a teacher recognizes any kind of behavioral disorder in a child, the teacher should inform to his/her parents as soon as possible. As concerning with behavioral problems, there are number of methods/strategies techniques available to cure them. Teachers should know these methods/strategies/techniques in order to help the students to mend their behavior problem and to help the school from facing displin problems. The term for this methods/strategies/techniques is Behavior Modification 3. 0 Overcoming Behavior Problems with Behavior Management and Behavior Modification 3. 1 Definition of Behavior Management and Behavior Modification. Behavior management skills are particularly of importance to teachers in the educational system. Behavior management is all of the actions and conscious inactions to enhance the probability people, individually and in groups, choose behaviors, which are personally fulfilling, productive, and socially acceptable. Behavior modification is the use of empirically demonstrated behavior change techniques to improve behavior, such as altering an individual’s behaviors and reactions to stimuli through positive and negative reinforcement of adaptive behavior and/or the reduction of maladaptive behavior through positive and negative punishment. 3. 2 Behavior Management 1) Behavior management is applied at the group level by a classroom teacher as a form of behavioral engineering to produce high rates of student work completion and minimize classroom disruption. ) â€Å"Contemporary behavior modification approaches involve students more actively in planning and shaping their own behavior through participation in the negotiation of contracts with their teachers and through exposure to training designed to help them to monitor and evaluate their behavior more actively, to learn techniques of self-control and problem solving, and to set goals and reinforce themselves for meeting these goals. † – (Brophy (1986)) ) The most common practices of this behavior management rely on the use of applied behavior analysis principles such as positive reinforcement and mild punishments 4) This principle follows the Operant Conditioning system by B. F. Skinner, which is to describe the effects of the consequences of a particular behavior on the future occurrence of that behavior. There are four types of Operant Conditioning: Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Punishment, and Extinction. Both Positive and Negative Reinforcement strengthen behavior while both Punishment and Extinction weakens behavior. ) Examples of situation whereby the teacher uses the two main types of operant conditioning. 3. 2. 1 Positive Reinforcement Definition: Is an attempt to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring in the future, an operant response is followed by the presentation of an appetitive stimulus. Example of situation in a classroom on how to use positive reinforcement. A teacher who uses positive rein forcement will constantly and consistently praised the students, ignored small infractions and was encouraging no matter what answer the students get. Once one student was totally off track with his answer and the teacher’s response was â€Å"no, but you are thinking and that is what I enjoy seeing you think, listen to others and try again. † Every minute or two the teacher was saying something positive. 3. 2. 2 Negative Reinforcement Definition: Negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior is reinforced by removal of a stimulus. The word â€Å"negative† does not mean â€Å"unpleasant. † It means a stimulus is removed or â€Å"subtracted† from the situation as a form of reinforcement Example of situation in a classroom on how to use negative reinforcement. Suppose your teacher said you could skip the final exam by studying an extra chapter and taking a quiz on it. You might study an extra chapter (your studying behavior would be made more frequent) because of the promise of an unpleasant stimulus, being removed (no final exam) Another example: If a student is trying to be the centre of the limelight by disrupting the classroom the teacher can use the avoidance strategy or punishment strategy as a negative reinforcement to the student. 3. 3 Behavior Modification The principles of using behavior modification are: ) To develop a new behavior b) To strengthen a new behavior , c) To maintain an established behavior, d) To stop inappropriate behavior, and finally e) To modify emotional behavior. (Adapted from: Krumboltz, J. , & Krumboltz, H. (1972). Changing children’s behavior. New York: Prentice-Hall. )   There are 3 main principles to develop a new behavior which are i. Successive Approximation Principle: ( To teach a child to ac t in a manner in which he has seldom or never before behaved, reward successive steps to the inal behavior. ) ii. Continuous Reinforcement Principle: (To develop a new behavior that the child has not previously exhibited, arrange for an immediate reward after each correct performed it incorrectly. iii. Discrimination Principle: (To teach a child to act in a particular way under one set of circumstances but not in another, help him to identify the cues that differentiate the circumstances and reward him only when his action is appropriate to the cue. ) B : To strengthen a new behavior There are 2 main principle in strengthening a new behavior. i. Decreasing Reinforcement Principle: (To encourage a child to continue performing an established behavior with few or no rewards, gradually require a longer time period or more correct responses before a correct behavior is rewarded. ) ii. Variable Reinforcement Principle: (To improve or increase a child’s performance of a certain activity, provide the child with an intermittent reward. ) C :To maintain an established behavior There is 1main principle in estbablishing a new behavior . Substitution Principle: (To change reinforcers when a previously effective reward is no longer controlling behavior, present it just before (or as soon as possible to) the time you present the new, hopefully more effective reward. ) D :To stop inappropriate behavior There is 3 main principle to stop inappropriate behavior i. Satiation Principle: (To stop a child from acting in a particular way, you may allow him to continue (or insist that he continue) performing the undesired act until he tires of it. ) ii. Extinction Principle: (To stop a child from acting in a particular way, you may arrange conditions so that he receives no rewards following the undesired act. ) iii. Punishment Principle: (To stop a child from acting in a certain way, deliver an aversive stimuli immediately after the action occurs. Since punishment results in increased hostility and aggression, it should only be used infrequently and in conjunction with reinforcement. ) E : To modify emotional behavior There is 2 main principle to modify emotional behavior ) Avoidance Principle: ( To teach a child to avoid a certain type of situation, simultaneously present to the child the situation to be avoided (or some representation of it) and some aversive conditon (or its representation) ii) Fear Reduction Principle: (To help a child overcome his fear of a particular situation, gradually increase his exposure to the feared situation while he is otherwise comfortable, relaxed, secure or rewarded. ) CONCLUSION The effective use of behavioral and cognitive strategies in the classroom may appear daunting even to experienced teachers. However, changing your behavior and strategies is often the most efficient and effective means of improving all types of classroom behaviors Through practice comes proficiency. The building block of emotions and behavior likely contains the largest and most diverse set of problems encountered in the classroom. By first understanding these problems and seeing the world through the eyes of your students, and, then developing and using a set of i strategies on a regular basis, problems of emotions and behavior can be effectively managed and changed in the classroom and also behavior problems can be mended.