Human Resource Management for Performance Reviews - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHuman Resource Managementfor Performance Reviews. Answer: Introduction Performance Management Performance management is one of the most important core functions of human resource management as it is concerned with the optimising of workplace performance. Performance management is an approach that helps business organisations in planning, monitoring and analysing the performance of the individuals, departments and an organisation on the whole. Performance management is important in the present day business world because of the increasing competition between rival firms in the market. Company Background Accenture, one of the top multinational companies in the world, recently planned to drop its performance reviews in order to bring about a massive change in its internal operations because the seniors of the company identified that the system of performance reviews failed in achieving their primary purpose of fostering better performance amongst the employees. Instead of performance reviews, Accenture has planned to implement a system of performance feedback, which is a major change for a company having a workforce of almost 330,000 employees. Therefore, this report is aimed at gaining a deeper insight into the case of Accentures performance management system and the impact that it will have on the business operations of the company in the future. The report also makes certain recommendations that the company can use to strengthen its new performance management system. Abandoning Formal Performance Reviews The business world is evolving and is experiencing changes at a rate that could have never been predicted by even the top multinational companies in the world. The changes in the business world are making survival for business organisations tougher than ever before and is forcing them to drop certain traditional practices altogether, no matter how effective they have proven to be in the past. Performance reviews is one such traditional human resource management practice that has become obsolete and needs to be either modified completely or dropped altogether (Melnyk, Bititci, Platts, Tobias, Andersen, 2014). According to the Harvard Business Review, almost one-third of the U.S. companies have already dropped performance reviews. Companies like Accenture, Deloitte, PwC, etc. have taken a firm decision to drop their performance management systems because of the existence of inefficiencies in them and their failure in achieving what they were intended to achieve (Tavis, 2016). To some extent, the decision of such multinational companies to abandon their performance reviews is justified. Accenture has already identified that its performance review system is causing a great wastage of companys resources. The company is investing excessive time, money and effort in conducting its performance reviews but the system in inefficient in itself (American Management Association , n.d.). The management of the company believes that assessing the employees on the bases of forced rankings and plotting distribution curves to assess their performance is in no way helping in achieving higher performance and is rather causing dissatisfaction amongst them (performance-appraisals.org, n.d.). A system of performance ratings is becoming obsolete and is merely causing the employees to lose their morale and engagement because of the inability of the companies to effectively use that data that they collect through performance ratings (Rock Jones, 2015). On the other hand, Accenture has a better performance management system in its mind. The company wants to implement a performance management system where it would assess the performance of the employees in the roles that they are given to play. Rather than forcing performance objectives and rankings upon them, the company is aiming at adopting a strategy under which it would empower the employees to take business decisions and drive their performance on their own and is planning to make it more effective by strengthening its recruitment process to recruit the right people for the right job (NISEN, 2015). Therefore, if a system of performance reviews is costing a lot of time and money to the company and is still failing in achieving what it is intended to achieve, it is justified on the part of the company to drop the performance review system and implement new strategies that will help in enhancing workplace performance and fostering a positive work culture in the organisation. Consequences of Dropping Performance Management Reviews Performance management systems are an important part of human resource management because the employees tend to perform better when they feel that their performance is being monitored and that the performance they will show will help the company in achieving its organisational gaols and objectives (Patricia, 2015). To a certain extent, abandoning performance management system altogether, can have some serious implications for the company in the longer run. Even though abandoning the performance review system might look like an attractive proposition to the company because of the cost and other resource benefits associated with it, it can have some long lasting impact on the organisation in the long run (Beehivesoftware, 2017). Certain implications of dropping the performance review system for Accenture are discussed below: First of all, dropping a performance management system will have a serious impact on the competitive environment in the workplace. Performance reviews have been found to have a positive impact on the competitive environment of a workplace, especially when they are attached with performance appraisals. Abandoning the performance reviews will foster leniency in the workplace and the competition amongst employees will drop down (Michael Armstrong, 2014). Secondly, removal of performance reviews will have a direct impact on the performance levels of the employees. It has been found that employee performance levels can decrease by 10 percent in case a company removes its performance management system because it becomes difficult for the managers to manage the employees without having some serious information in hand and also because of the fall in employee engagement levels (CEB HR, 2016). Thirdly, it will become more difficult for the managers to carry out their job duties and responsibilities. Managers are the people who have to lead others by keeping a check on what they are doing. In absence of employee performance system, the managers will have no knowledge about the performance of their juniors and it will ultimately become difficult for them to communicate with their juniors (Sarvani, n.d.). Fourthly, in absence of performance management system, the employers will be unable to communicate the performance expectations to the employees and the employees will feel less engaged because of absence of clarity of goals and objectives. Thus, the staff will be less engaged and will show less job satisfaction and job commitment (Hanks, n.d.). Fifthly, the organisation itself will lose the ability to keep a check on what all is going on in the organisation. In absence of a performance management system, the management will only be able to recognize certain issues when they will pile up and will give rise to certain major issues in the longer run. By that time, they would also lose the ability to deal with the problem, which will further make the situation more difficult (Smith, 2011). Sixthly, the management will also not be able to identify performance gaps and take necessary steps to bridge them using training and development programs, which will be a collateral damage to the organisation. Ultimately, the company might start losing its competitive edge in the market in the longer run (Hansen, n.d.). Lastly, the overall scenario will make it difficult to manage the human resources of the company properly and the employee turnover ratios will mount up, which will be the worst case scenario for a company like Accenture (Reh, 2017). Recommendations for Improvement Dropping the performance management system altogether might have some serious implications for Accenture, as discussed above. As a result, the company should try to improve its performance management system rather than killing the annual performance reviews. Certain recommendations that the company can look into in order to strengthen its performance management system are discussed below: First of all, Accenture should put an end to performance ratings but should implement a system of performance feedback. In a performance feedback system, all employees working in an organisation receive feedback from the employees who are working around them, such as peers, juniors, seniors, managers, etc. (Landy Farr) It acts a self-assessment tool that can help the employees in keeping a track of their performance and analysing the skills that they lack. Further, these feedbacks are anonymous and getting multiple feedbacks for assessing the performance of a single employee will make the information more reliable and accurate (Zenger Folkman, 2012). Secondly, the management at Accenture can also include the S.M.A.R.T. goal model in its performance feedback system (Bogue, 2005). The SMART goal model proposes the important of formulating S.M.A.R.T goals i.e. Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-bound, as they can have a great impact on the performance of the employees (Conzemius O'Neill, 2011). Thirdly, the company should try to make the performance management system more oriented towards the future rather than laying more stress on what has happened in the past (Abd, 2014 ). Using the information collected through performance management systems to shape the future human management practices can prove to be of a greater benefit than using the same information to look into the past and continuously discussing on what went wrong (Ben-Oz Greve, 2012). Fourthly, rather than considering performance management system as an annual practice and conducting performance appraisals once a year, Accenture can start using it as a regular human resource management practice. The company can provide performance feedback to the employees on a regular basis, such as weekly or monthly and can provide the employees with certain rewards and recognitions for the performance levels that they show (Wyse, 2015). Regular performance feedback will help in fostering a competitive workplace environment and rewards will help in re-enforcing positive behaviour amongst the employees (Malik, Butt, Choi, 2015). Lastly, Accenture can also introduce a system of self-review where the employees will be asked to provide an assessment of their own performance levels every month. The self-review document will also ask the employees to formulate certain goals and objectives for themselves and the time frame in which they plan to accomplish them. Such a system will allow the employees to assess their own performance levels and identify performance gaps if they fail to achieve their goals and objectives in the desired time frame (Ahlrichs, 2015). If the company can spare more time and resources, it can also include a self-development plan in the self-assessment strategy, where the employees can mention the skills or competencies that they wish to achieve in the near future. Such initiatives will foster a lot of positivity in the workplace and will help in engaging the employees (Roberts, 2003). Further, it will also become possible for the company to offer better growth opportunities to the employees . Recommendations/Conclusions The decision of the company to drop its performance review system is justified on the grounds that it is proving to be a wastage of important resources as it is failing in meeting its objective of fostering a better performance level in the workplace. Even though the company might be able to save a lot of resources (in terms of operational costs and time) but will have to face some serious implications in the longer run, that might have a detrimental effect on its business activities and market position. Thus, the company should carefully consider all options and should look into the above recommendations to strengthen its performance management system rather than dropping it altogether. Bibliography Tavis, P. C. (2016). The Performance Management Revolution. Retrieved May 21, 2017, from hbr.org: https://hbr.org/2016/10/the-performance-management-revolution Rock, D., Jones, B. (2015, September 8). Why More and More Companies Are Ditching Performance Ratings. Retrieved May 21, 2017, from hbr.org: https://hbr.org/2015/09/why-more-and-more-companies-are-ditching-performance-ratings NISEN, M. (2015, August 18). How Millennials Forced GE to Scrap Performance Reviews. Retrieved May 21, 2017, from www.theatlantic.com: /www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/08/how-millennials-forced-ge-to-scrap-performance-reviews/432585/ CEB HR. (2016, May 12). The Real Impact of Removing Performance Ratings on Employee Performance. Retrieved May 21, 2017, from www.cebglobal.com: https://www.cebglobal.com/blogs/corporate-hr-removing-performance-ratings-is-unlikely-to-improve-performance/ Smith, M. (2011, March 29). Martin Smith. Retrieved May 21, 2017, from martin-smith.biz: https://martin-smith.biz/2011/03/29/performance-management-the-impact-of-not-addressing-issues/ Michael Armstrong, S. T. (2014). Armstrong's Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice By Michael Armstrong, Stephen Taylor. Kogan Page Publishers. performance-appraisals.org. (n.d.). Is There A Cost To Poor Performance Management and Employee Reviews? Retrieved May 21, 2017, from performance-appraisals.org: https://performance-appraisals.org/faq/costperformancemanagementpoor.htm Melnyk, S. A., Bititci, U., Platts, K., Tobias, J., Andersen, B. (2014). Is performance measurement and management fit for the future? . Management Accounting Research, 25(2). Zenger, J., Folkman, J. (2012, September 7). Getting 360 Degree Reviews Right . Retrieved May 21, 2017, from hbr.org: https://hbr.org/2012/09/getting-360-degree-reviews-right Mindtools. (n.d.). SMART Goals How to Make Your Goals Achievable. Retrieved May 21, 2017, from www.mindtools.com: https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/smart-goals.htm Malik, M. A., Butt, A. N., Choi, J. N. (2015, January). Rewards and employee creative performance: Moderating effects of creative self-efficacy, reward importance, and locus of control. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(1). Ahlrichs, N. (2015, September 2). Ten Ways to Improve Performance Management. Retrieved May 21, 2017, from indyshrm.org: https://indyshrm.org/ten-ways-to-improve-performance-management/ American Management Association . (n.d.). When Measurement Goes Bad. Retrieved May 22, 2017, from www.amanet.org: https:///www.amanet.org/training/articles/when-measurement-goes-bad.aspx Beehivesoftware. (2017, February). The Good, The Bad And The Ugly of Performance Management System . Retrieved May 22, 2017, from www.beehivesoftware.in: https://www.beehivesoftware.in/good-bad-ugly-performance-management-system/ Patricia. (2015, September 15). Advantages and Disadvantages of Performance Management . Retrieved from smartchurchmanagement.com: https://smartchurchmanagement.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-performance-management/ Sarvani. (n.d.). Advantages and Disadvantages of Performance Management. Retrieved May 22, 2017, from content.wisestep.com: https://content.wisestep.com/advantages-disadvantages-performance-management/ Hanks, G. (n.d.). Common Examples of Performance Management Problems . Retrieved May 22, 2017, from smallbusiness.chron.com: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/common-examples-performance-management-problems-70031.html Hansen, J. (n.d.). The Disadvantages of Poor Performance Management . Retrieved May 22, 2017, from www.atiim.com: https://www.atiim.com/blog/the-disadvantages-of-poor-performance-management/ Reh, F. J. (2017, March 31). Employee Turnover . Retrieved May 20, 2017, from www.thebalance.com: https://www.thebalance.com/employee-turnover-2275788 Bogue, R. L. (2005, April 25). Use S.M.A.R.T. goals to launch management by objectives plan. Retrieved May 22, 2017, from www.techrepublic.com: https://www.techrepublic.com/article/use-smart-goals-to-launch-management-by-objectives-plan/ Abd, M. R. (2014 , October 30). HRM - Performance Appraisal Methods . Retrieved May 21, 2017, from linkedin.com: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20141030184448-208256548-hrm-performance-appraisal-methods Wyse, S. E. (2015, July 1). 5 Reasons Why Feedback is Important . Retrieved May 23, 2017, from www.snapsurveys.com: https://www.snapsurveys.com/blog/5-reasons-feedback-important/ Landy, F. J., Farr, J. L. (n.d.). Performance rating . Psychological Bulletin, 87(1). Conzemius, A., O'Neill, J. (2011). The Power of SMART Goals: Using Goals to Improve Student Learning . Solution Tree Press. Ben-Oz, C., Greve, H. R. (2012, November 28). Short- and Long-Term Performance Feedback and Absorptive Capacity. Journal of Management. Roberts, G. E. (2003, March 1). Employee Performance Appraisal System Participation: A Technique That Works. Public Personnel Management .

Installing A Hard Drive Essay Example For Students

Installing A Hard Drive Essay Installing a IDE or EIDE hard drive on a Pentium computer To install a hard drive in your computer you must have a decent knowledge ofComputers and know what basic commands do. I wouldnt recommend a beginner trying to install a hard drive. These instructions are meant for intermediates or above. Before you start you should have already bought your hard drive. You will need a Phillips screw driver, your Windows CD, and the manual that came with your computer. Before you get ready to install your new hard drive. Unpack the drive you just bought and make sure the hard drive, cables, manual, and diskette are there. We will begin by removing the four screws that hold the computer cover to the frame of the computer. The easiest way to identify which screws to take out is to see which screws are covering the painted edge of the cover. Other screws, which you dont want to take out, hold the power supply which could harm the computer. Once the screws are taken out, the cover may still be h ard to slide out. Use both hands, on each side of the cover and pull it out. Now find the hard drive it should be in the second slot starting from the top. Remember the drive should be about 3 1/2 inches in width, 6 inches long, and an inch in height.Usually the hard drive is a silver and black color. After finding the drive, make sure you remove any static carried in your body by touching something metal before touching the insides of the computer. Now you will find two cables; these are ribbon cables that connect the drive to the computer. You will also find a power cable; it has four separate wires connected to plastic connectors on each end. To remove the cables, you just pull straight out. This shouldnt take a lot of pressure, but just be sure pull the cables by the plastic connectors and not by the wires. Remove both ends of the cables for we will be replacing them with new ones. Remember where you take these out, for you will be connecting the new cables in the same place. After you get the cables off, remove the mounting screws that hold the drive in place. You should find them in the front and along the sides of the hard drive. After you get the screws out the drive will slide out the front of the computer. If it is mounted on the side push it out the back. Now take the new hard drive and slide it in the way the old one came out, and screw in the same screws the old one used. Now, attach the ribbon cables that came with the new hard drive. The three cables you will be connecting are different sizes and will only go in one way, so you dont have to worry about which cable goes where. Now connect the cables to the motherboard (the big green card where everything connects to) they should go in the same place where you disconnected the old cables. Remember the cable will only connect one way, so you may have to turn the cable around to make sure it fits right. Now that youve connected these ribbon cables, you can connect the power cables. Remember that these are cables with four separate wires connected to a white plug. The white plug is shaped to fit in only one direction; but in any computer, the colored wires from each end should plug into the same way. Now after all the cables are connected you can put the cover back on the computer the same way you took it off; by sliding the cover on and screwing in the screws. .u08de8b1577adee25a116846006b03f1c , .u08de8b1577adee25a116846006b03f1c .postImageUrl , .u08de8b1577adee25a116846006b03f1c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u08de8b1577adee25a116846006b03f1c , .u08de8b1577adee25a116846006b03f1c:hover , .u08de8b1577adee25a116846006b03f1c:visited , .u08de8b1577adee25a116846006b03f1c:active { border:0!important; } .u08de8b1577adee25a116846006b03f1c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u08de8b1577adee25a116846006b03f1c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u08de8b1577adee25a116846006b03f1c:active , .u08de8b1577adee25a116846006b03f1c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u08de8b1577adee25a116846006b03f1c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u08de8b1577adee25a116846006b03f1c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u08de8b1577adee25a116846006b03f1c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u08de8b1577adee25a116846006b03f1c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u08de8b1577adee25a116846006b03f1c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u08de8b1577adee25a116846006b03f1c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u08de8b1577adee25a116846006b03f1c .u08de8b1577adee25a116846006b03f1c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u08de8b1577adee25a116846006b03f1c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: AIDS (2495 words) Essay You can turn on the computer now. But dont expect much we still have to install the hard drive for it to work. Before you can use the new hard drive , you have to make the computer know that its there. You do that by changing the settings in the computer. When the computer turns on it will come to a DOS-PROMPT. Insert the diskette

How To Do An Admonition Essay Sample

How To Do An Admonition Essay SampleEveryone that is writing an ambition essay must be aware of this ambition essay sample as it is one of the best for writing that is currently available. These will definitely make you stand out from all the other writing applicants out there. The best part about them is that they are written by well-known essay writers like the ones in Ivy League Universities.You can use these essays in your school projects or any other kind of writing that you want to do. This is something that no student out there is able to say they have not done. This will help you to create a bit of a different profile and will help you prove that you are worthy of admittance to that school you are going to attend. You just have to know how to do it, you know?For all you need to do is to think about writing an ambition essay sample and then see what results you get. It will be your best friend when you start writing and will be able to come up with some good ideas that you mig ht not have thought of before.As a note to all aspiring writing students out there, you should know that you have the best ambition essay sample that anyone could ever ask for. This is the best thing that anyone could ever ask for.It will give you tips on writing that will help you with many different things that you are trying to learn. It will give you tips on how to write each paragraph, the different parts of the essay and also the types of sentence structures you can put together in the essay. This will help you when it comes to editing, but more than that, it will help you to produce an ambition essay sample that is good enough to be used for your school project.There are several different types of schools that do want to see their students being prepared to write an ambition essay sample. This is because it will be an essential tool in helping them to pass your admissions test or such other tests that you may be going to take. It is important that you know how to do it if you are to be able to do so, but it is also extremely useful if you are going to have an essay that is perfect for your school project.Writing is something that you must learn to do for many years before you are ever going to get anywhere at all. In fact, writing is something that you must always learn, because you cannot just hope to get by on the first try. You have to be ready to work at it and practice it everyday in order to be able to write an ambition essay sample that will stand out from all the others.You must be able to prove that you have the full interest and understanding of what it takes to write a good essay, and then write an essay that is as good as it can be. It is something that you will not get if you are not ready to work at it and you have to take the time to do so. If you can manage to do this, then you will find that writing an ambition essay sample will be something that you can do that will be helpful in getting yourself to where you want to be.

The First Act Of Americas Anti-drug Laws Was In 1875. It Essays

The first act of America's anti-drug laws was in 1875. It outlawed the smoking of opium in opium dens. This was a San Francisco ordinance. The basis on passing this law was that Chinese men had a way of luring white women to their dens and causing their "ruin", which was the association with Chinese men. Later, other Federal laws such as trafficking in opium was illegal for anyone of Chinese origin. The opium laws were directed at the smoking of opium. The law didn't effect importation of the drug because opium was a common medical drug. This law was specifically targeted at the Chinese, for the smoking of opium was a Chinese custom. Cocaine was outlawed for fears that black men would go on a sexual rampage and rape white women. In the early 1900's, newspapers referred to them as "Negro Cocaine Fiends" or "Cocainized Niggers". There is little evidence that this actually happened. The Harrison Act had started as a licensing law which required sellers to obtain a license if they were going to handle opiates or cocaine. The law contains a provision that nothing in the law would prohibit doctors from prescribing these drugs in the legitimate practice of medicine. The people who wrote the Harrison Act and Marijuana Tax Act in 1937, agreed that a prohibition on what people could put into their bodies was an unconstitutional infringement on personal liberties. Marijuana was outlawed in 1937. The reason for it being outlawed was that the plant had a violent effect on the degenerate races. The American Medical Association testified that they were opposed to the law. The law would never have passed without the endorsement from the AMA, but when the supporters of the law were asked about the AMA's view on the floor of congress, they had stated that the AMA was all for it. When the law had passed, the AMA protested, but the law was never repealed. It is difficult to determine how many people in the US use drugs. The Federal Government's Household Survey on Drug Abuse, is the most common set of statistics on the use of drugs. According to the latest surveys, conducted by the DEA, there are about 12.7 million people who have used an illegal drug in the past month, and about 30 - 40 million people who have used an illegal drug in the past year. Among the 12.7 people who have used an illegal drug in the past month, about 10 million are casual drug users and about 2.7 million are drug addicts. The figures produced by the Household Survey on Drug Abuse are obtained over the phone. Therefore, there was a problem reaching those without phones, those who didn't answer their phones, and those who answered the question honestly. Other surveys put the figures at least twice as high. Currently, there are about 1.5 million people in state and Federal prisons and jails throughout the US At least 24 states are under Federal court orders to relieve prison overcrowding. Prison population had been relatively stable from about 1926 to about 1970. From that point, Nixon's war against drugs, then the Reagan and Bush war against drugs, caused a dramatic increase in the number of prisoners. The estimated 30 - 40 million people who have used an illegal drug in the past year, would fill a prison holding the populations of California, Arizona and New Mexico altogether. The cost of holding a single one of these persons would be about $450,000. The cost for the arrest and the conviction is about $150,000. The cost for an additional bed would be anywhere from $50,000 to $150,000, depending upon the jurisdiction. It costs about $30,000 per year to house a prisoner, with an average sentence of five years, adding up to be $150,000. The estimated $450,000 (out of taxpayers money), can provide treatment or education for about 200 people. Out of the percentage of people in prison, 59.6% are in prison for a drug offenses. The war on drugs could be won if we were successful in at least one of three areas. If we could stop drug production in other countries, if we could stop drugs at the border or if we could stop the sale of drugs within the United States. Stopping drug production in other countries has already proven to have failed. In 1993, ABC television aired a major special report on the drug war in Bolivia, which according to the Bush administration, is our "best hope" for winning the drug war in South America. They concluded that there was no hope, and that the

A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift Essay Example

A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift Essay Example A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift Paper A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift Paper Essay Topic: Literature George Orwell was born in 1903 in India where his family were members of the upper middle class. He was educated at Eton but refused to attend a higher education establishment but never the less was still very well educated. He joined the Burma Police Force instead for a six-year stretch. When Orwell returned to England, he began his writing career and produced some of his most famous works. His inspiration was the political state of Europe with dictators such as Hitler and Stalin dominant. This led to the novella Animal Farm, which was written in 1944. It shows Orwells disgust with Stalins style of socialism. Animal Farm was very controversial as the state of the USSR was admired by many socialists of the time; thus his publisher Victor Gollancz refused to accept it, as did T. S. Eliot and Jonathan Cape before Martin Secker Warburg, Ltd finally accepted it in 1945. This slowed the publishing of the novella by eighteen months. It is possible to trace the origins of Animal Farm back to Orwells spell of fighting in the Spanish Civil War. He saw himself primarily as a political writer. A democratic socialist, who avoided party labels, hated totalitarianism and he became progressively disillusioned with methods of communism, his plain, colloquial style made him a highly effective pamphleteer and journalist. One of his first pamphlets was called Inside the Whale (1940). Out of all Orwells work Animal Farm is still the most famous and the way it deals with political satire. Both Swift and Orwell mixed in literary circles, Swift with writers such as Steele, Addison, Congreve and Pope. Orwell with T. S. Eliot, Cyril and Virginia Wolf. Jonathan Swift was born in 1667 in Dublin where he was educated at Trinity College. Swifts family originated in England, but then settled in Ireland, due his familys strong Protestant background, although he did support Catholics as well, as shown in Modest Proposal threw no separation of the poor, into religious beliefs. In 1689 Swift became private secretary to William Temple who introduced him to the literary, political and aristocratic circles of the time. It was from Temples style that Swift developed his literary powers and got involved in political affairs. During his time with Temple, Swift wrote three satires A Tale of a Tub, The battle of books and Discoveries concerning the mechanical operation of spirit. Swift became vicar of Laracor in Ireland but kept returning to England where he was heavily involved in politics. After Temple died Swift, began to produce pamphlets. In 1701 he wrote one praising the conduct of the Whig, or liberal leaders. This work, A discourse of the contest and dissensions between the nobles and commons in Athens and Rome. The majority of Swifts literary pieces are based on real people and events. For example Gullivers Travels (1726), lampooned the Whigs as the little men while his friends the Tories took the form of Gulliver. From this point on Swift focused his energy on Irish affairs. A Modest Proposal was written in 1729, as a pamphlet discussing the political state of Ireland at the time. Animal Farm and a modest Proposal are written in entirely different genres. Orwells Animal Farm, is written in the novella genre, more specifically as an extended fairy story. The novella is an allegorical representation of events in Russia following the fall of the Tsar in 1917. It mainly focuses on Stalins government of the country from the 1920s to the end of the Second World War. The story can also be taken as a more general attack on and analysis of the search for power and the way in which corrupt figures can gain and manipulate for their own purposes. The animals revolution directly mirrors the Russian Revolution; the animals over throw the humans, Just as the Bolshevik Party over threw the Romanov Dynasty. Swifts A Modest Proposal is written as a political pamphlet, arguing an expedient solution to the problem of poverty among Irelands poor. One of sixty plus pieces on Irish affairs Swift wrote after 1920. The pamphlet can be broken down into six sections. To begin with Swift sets out the problem, which is the overcrowding in Dublin, this is followed by his solution to sell yearling children of the poor, to the wealthy for food. In the next section Swift digresses and talks about how his suggestion can be executed. In the following section a list of advantages is given for the reader. Section five gives the reader some reasons why no other solutions will work. The final section is Swifts disclaimer, this covers him for has previously been said. Swifts satirical writing gives him the freedom to taunt the government of the time, with his appalling proposal. George Orwells style in Animal Farm is a novella as opposed to a pamphlet like Modest Proposal. This is noticeable through the narrative form, characters and a theme. The theme, corruption of power differs to Modest Proposal that concentrates not so much on corruption but an attack on the selfish misuse of power. E. g. Swift thought of himself as English. At the time of the Battle of the Boyne, when William defeated James II in 1690 (the Glorious Revolution had been peaceful in England but bloody in Ireland), Swift was with Temple in Surrey. Yet after this time he became increasingly known as an Irish patriot. What he experienced in Ireland was very similar to the experience of the American colonists under George III all the disadvantages of direct rule from London, and none of advantages. Since no politician in England gave much thought to Ireland, the land was bled by absentee landlords, denied fair trading terms and ruled by second-rate officials who could behave irresponsibly with no one to care about the consequences. Corruption is shown almost immediately through Old Major and his commandments, which act as a motif, misleading the animals into believing what he says is best for them. To begin with he tells the animals All animals are equal then the 7 commandments are abridged for the last time simply reading, All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others. At this point the pigs are behaving like humans: buying newspapers, smoking and wearing clothes. Although from the beginning the animals are anthropomorphic but still retain enough animal characteristics for them to be credible as farm animals. The pigs take this to the extreme. The authorial voice in Animal Farm is that of a storyteller writing in a traditional format. Simple detail is paid to characters and setting for example references to the farm and immediate identification with the animals: The hens perched themselves on the window -sills, the pigeons fluttered up to the rafters Simple and straight forward. Animal Farm follows a conventional narrative structure. The narrator tells its events in chronological order. The story itself contains a believable mixture of human and animal characters- even when the human characters are seen to clearly understand what the animals are saying- for example, when Pilkington makes his to Napoleon speech at the end of the novel, the reader believes that the two understand each other. The repetition of various ideas and images forms a pattern in the text. In particular Majors speech at the start of the novella is echoed and referred to throughout the novella, to provide a standard by which the pigs actions are judged. The placing of the speech at the start of the novella, means that the reader shares the animals enthusiasm for the vision of the future and becomes progressively more disappointed as the novella continues and we see those ideals destroyed: we are told several times that the animals work like slaves. The novella is aimed at the masses, as it is cleverly written to reach the population on a number of levels; one being the message that not everything you are told by the authoritarian figure shouldnt be believed and trusted. Animal Farms purpose is to highlight the corruption of power in the USSR under Stalin. A Modest proposal however addresses only the educated middle classes. The authorial voice in A Modest Proposal is of an English economist, spoken in a matter-of-fact manner leading the audience into agreement with the argument, and then giving a massive blow with his actual proposal, the shock of undeniable cannibalism. E. g. always advising the mother to let them suck plentifully in the last month, so as to render them plump and fat for a good table. It could be argued that Orwells writing directly descends fro that of Swifts simple, straightforward and concise. The format of Animal Farm consists of very little dialogue, it is written in story form similar to a childrens storybook with a lot of information condensed into a few words. Orwell makes a statement and leaves it! The plot carries forward at a rapid rate and doesnt get involved in small affairs. Orwell allows events to speak for themselves. There are no lengthy sentences introspective passages or emotional feelings. It has an objective style with the reader always kept at arms length. The humans in the novel are stereotypical as is shown on page 41 with Mr Whymer the greedy lawyer He was a sly-looking little man. Orwells simplistic child-like style shows through with his explanation of what a cheque is. It is almost biblical in its simplicity. Biblical overtones appear again with the commandments, which equates to animalism 7 deadly sins. Swift uses syllogism in his proposal. He turns argument on its head to state the following: If starving children are killed at one year old. The children can help to feed the state. Therefore by the end of his proposal he states starving children can benefit the state. This is a style of argument, which shows Swifts indebtedness to Rabelais, who made much of this type of turning a point of view on its head. Another technique of Swifts is to write in character e. g. Gullivers Travels where he writes as a seafaring man on his travels. In Modest Proposal Swift writes as an economist. Therefore the horror of the proposal can be stated in all its shocking detail since it is no more horrible than the horrors already existing and which are sanctioned by that social group, which are the audience of the pamphlet. The educated and well to do classes who had been instrumental in passing the laws which had made Ireland so poverty stricken. Which gives the ultimate irony of A Modest Proposal! Reference to the oppressive laws, which the protestant parliament in London hand inflicted on catholic Ireland. Another technique in Modest Proposal is Swift developed one idea by continued reference to another so that every statement was double edged. E. g. I have already computed the charge . its for the carcass of a good fat child. The horrors are all the more effective because they are presented in such a matter of fact voice, they are introduced easily as evidence to support a rational argument. The appeal is to the readers practical reasonableness no attempt is made to incite pity or indignation, it is only at the end that he makes a full frontal. Swift like every writer has his critics. A. Humphreys says that he favours the intellectual exercise of forming a link between idea and image He puts forward the idea that Ireland is in desperate straits with the poor, and links this with the image of how the Irish poor live. Following on from this is the idea that the problem can be solved, which leads to the image of yearling children, being fattened for the table. a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food D. W Jefferson argues that too much emphasis has been placed on the simplicity of Swifts style. But he sees this style as having a wider purpose a) it follows the be Augustan style which stressed the need for clarity of expression but b) this simple style was essential for Swift because he was often putting over a simple tale i. e. simply told Gullivers Travels. This is also apparent in Modest Proposal where he takes on the persona of an economist who is setting out a list as it were of the economic status quo to follow it with a list of proposals to improve the situation. To concentrate on style in his manner however is to ignore the comic and sometimes-hilarious wit that Swift can show. For this he is indebted to Rabelais, Donne and Jonnson. E. g. In Tale of Tub he leans heaverily on Rabelais by the way in which he exploits ideas to build up comedy and by the way he misapplies learned ideas to support an audacious conclusion. Whilst the wit in Modest Proposal is not of the same satirical play on words as Animal Farm, it does none the less have a strong bite to it. E. g. in Animal Farm. We laugh at the animals, as the thought of a pig climbing up a ladder with a paintbrush in his trotter is amusing. Where as in Modest Proposal when the idea of stewing, roasting, baking or boiling a child is put across at first this is disturbing but taking it into context it is a witty description of a horrific suggestion. Many critics would argue that the greatest satire in English Language is Jonathan Swifts a A Modest Proposal, but because Swift and his narrator are so tightly intertwined, even sophisticated readers often emerge form their confused. He attacks his own Protestant, English community by creating a narrator who considers himself a reasonable and compassionate fellow, but who combines a repulsive anti-Catholic bigotry with modest proposal that is actually a final solution; he advocates cannibalism as a means countering Irish Catholic poverty, abortion, and the high birth rate. Orwells writing style descends directly from that of Swift the Augustan style of writing has been inherited through the centuries. Both literary pieces are political satires, portraying a government of the their time. Swifts is aimed at the upper class politicians in Ireland, where as Orwells is suitable for all ages yet still has a powerful message hidden within its meaning. Written in different genres to reflect was acceptable at the time of writing and the style they are written in. The problems that Orwell encountered when attempting to publish his novella are no means extinct, a twenty first novelist is still encountering these troubles as her novel is a political satire, that is satirising the current British government and their policies and conduct. Carole Haymans Hard Choices is said to be an inappropriate determination to satirise New Labour when Tony Blair is doing so much for America! The novella is futuristic set in 2010. So even today in a society that is said to have evolved and accepts most things and people the literary world is still encountering problems. In conclusion both Swift and Orwells pieces have fulfilled their intent to, instruct the public about the corruption that has in the past taken place within ruling parties and their level of power.

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